ISSN : 1738-3110
Purpose: The government of India has initiated the Covid-19 Vaccination drive from early January 2021. Vaccination is identified to be best option to protect the people across the globe. However, owing to fast wide spread of the Covid-19, the Vaccine Distribution is a major challenge owing various issues like temperature control, infrastructure, hesitancy, geographical diversity, and other critical factors. Various research is carried out globally to understand and study the Vaccine Distribution issues based on the respective country issues and factors. Research Design, Data, and Methodology: This research paper attempts to explore prominent factors that could be taken up on priority for better and effective vaccination program. The study tries to rank various factors and sub-factors affecting vaccine distribution in India. AHP methodology based on feedback from 22 experts from the Vaccine industry has been deployed to get the desired results. Result: The results show that factors vaccine approval process, geographical prioritization, power supply, infrastructure maintenance costs for vaccine storage, and vaccine pricing are the prominent factors of effective vaccination in the country. Conclusion: The role and need for district-level health officers towards vaccine storage has been brought forward. A long-term effective vaccination policy is needed for optimum vaccine distribution.
Adida, E., Dey, D., & Mamani, H. (2013). Operational issues and network effects in vaccine markets. European Journal of Operational Research, 231(2), 41-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2013.05.034
Asgari, N., Hassani, A., Jones, D., & Nguye, H. H. (2015). Sustainability ranking of the UK major ports: Methodology and case study. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 78, 19–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2015.01.014
Berkley, S. (2019). Political will and vaccine legislation. Vaccine 37(35), 4838–4839. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.036
Bogale, H. A., Amhare, A. F., & Bogale, A. A. (2019). Assessment of factors affecting vaccine cold chain management practice in public health institutions in east Gojam zone of Amhara region. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7786-x
Chojnacky, M. J., Santacruz, L. F. C., Miller, W. W., & Strouse, G. F. (2015). Optimizing Data Logger Setup and Use for Refrigerated Vaccine Temperature Monitoring. NCSLI Measure, 10(3), 28–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/19315775.2015.11721733
Das, M. K., Sood, M., Tambe, M. P., Sharma, T. D., Parande, M. A. G., Surwade, J. B., Salunkhe, N. M., Patil, S. S., Pawar, B., Guleri, R., Kaushal, C., & Sindhu, M. (2020). Documentation of vaccine wastage in two different geographic contexts under the universal immunization program in India. BMC Public Health, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08637-1
Davahli, M. R., Karwowski, W., & Fiok, K. (2021). Optimizing COVID-19 vaccine distribution across the United States using deterministic and stochastic recurrent neural networks. PLoS ONE, 16(7 July). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253925
De Paula, N. O. B., de Araújo Costa, I. P., Drumond, P., Moreira, M. Â. L., Gomes, C. F. S., dos Santos, M., & do Nascimento Maêda, S. M. (2021). Strategic support for the distribution of vaccines against Covid-19 to Brazilian remote areas: A multicriteria approach in the light of the ELECTRE-MOr method. Procedia Computer Science, 199, 40–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2022.01.006
Epling, J. W. (2020). Vaccine Policy in the United States. Primary Care - Clinics in Office Practice, 47(3), 539–553. W.B. Saunders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2020.05.011
Eshun-Wilson, I., Mody, A., Tram, K. H., Bradley, C., Sheve, A., Fox, B., Thompson, V., and Geng, E. H. (2021). Preferences for COVID-19 vaccine distribution strategies in the US: A discrete choice survey. PLoS ONE, 16(8) 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256394
Falcón, V. C., Porras, Y. V. V., Altamirano, C. M. G., & Kartoglu, U. (2020). A vaccine cold chain temperature monitoring study in the United Mexican States. Vaccine, 38(33), 5202–5211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.014
Gaudenzi, B., & Borghesi, A. (2006). Managing risks in the supply chain using the AHP method. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 17(1), 114–136. https://doi.org/10.1108/09574090610663464
Guichard, S., Hymbaugh, K., Burkholder, B., Diorditsa, S., Navarro, C., Ahmed, S., & Rahman, M. M. (2010). Vaccine wastage in Bangladesh. Vaccine, 28(3), 858–863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.08.035
Haidari, L. A., Connor, D. L., Wateska, A. R., Brown, S. T., Mueller, L. E., Norman, B. A., Schmitz, M. M., Paul, P., Rajgopal, J., Welling, J. S., Leonard, J., Chen, S. I., & Lee, B. Y. (2013). Augmenting Transport versus Increasing Cold Storage to Improve Vaccine Supply Chains. PLoS ONE, 8(5) 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0064303
Hussain, S. F., Boyle, P., Patel, P., & Sullivan, R. (2016). Eradicating polio in Pakistan: An analysis of the challenges and solutions to this security and health issue. Globalization and Health 12(1) 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-016-0195-3
Iwu, C. J., Ngcobo, N., McCaul, M., Mangqalaza, H., Magwaca, A., Chikte, U., & Wiysonge, C. S. (2020). Vaccine stock management in primary health care facilities in OR Tambo District, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Vaccine, 38(25), 4111–4118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.019
Jadhav, S., Gautam, M., & Gairola, S. (2014). Role of vaccine manufacturers in developing countries towards global healthcare by providing quality vaccines at affordable prices. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 20(5), 37–44. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12568
Klumpp, M., Monfared, I. G., & Vollmer, S. (2022). Public opinion on global distribution of COVID-19 vaccines: Evidence from two nationally representative surveys in Germany and the United States. Vaccine, 40(16), 2457–2461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.02.084
Lahariya, C. (2014). A brief history of vaccines & vaccination in India. International Journal of Medical Research, 139, 491–511.
Lemmens, S., Decouttere, C., Vandaele, N., & Bernuzzi, M. (2016). A review of integrated supply chain network design models:Key issues for vaccine supply chains. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 109, 366–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2016.02.015
Lin, Q., Zhao, Q., & Lev, B. (2020). Cold chain transportation decision in the vaccine supply chain. European Journal of Operational Research, 283(1), 182–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2019.11.005
Long, A. J., & Hayney, M. S. (2013). Best practices essential for storage and temperature monitoring of refrigerated vaccines. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 53(6), 660–661. https://doi.org/10.1331/JAPhA.2013.13537
Matthias, D. M., Robertson, J., Garrison, M. M., Newland, S., & Nelson, C. (2007). Freezing temperatures in the vaccine cold chain: A systematic literature review. Vaccine, 25(20), 3980–3986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.02.052
Mihigo, R., Okeibunor, J., Cernuschi, T., Petu, A., Satoulou, A., & Zawaira, F. (2019). Improving access to affordable vaccines for middle-income countries in the african region. Vaccine, 37(21), 2838–2842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.03.077
Norman, B. A., Rajgopal, J., Lim, J., Gorham, K., Haidari, L., Brown, S. T., & Lee, B. Y. (2015). Modular vaccine packaging increases packing efficiency. Vaccine, 33(27), 3135–3141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.091
Otieno, N. A., Nyawanda, B. O., Audi, A., Emukule, G., Lebo, E., Bigogo, G., Ochola, R., Muthoka, P., Widdowson, M. A., Shay, D. K., Burton, D. C., Breiman, R. F., Katz, M. A., & Mott, J. A. (2014). Demographic, socio-economic and geographic determinants of seasonal influenza vaccine uptake in rural western Kenya, 2011. Vaccine, 32(49), 6699–6704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.10.089
Pickering, L. K., Meissner, H. C., Orenstein, W. A., & Cohn, A. C. (2020). Principles of Vaccine Licensure, Approval, and Recommendations for Use. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 95(3) 600–608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.11.002
Robbins, M. J., & Lunday, B. J. (2016). A bilevel formulation of the pediatric vaccine pricing problem. European Journal of Operational Research, 248(2), 634–645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2015.06.075
Saaty, R. W. (1987). The analytic hierarchy process-what it is and how it is used. Mathematical Modelling, 9(3–5), 161–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/0270-0255(87)90473-8
Sengar, V. S., Garg C. P., & Raju, T. B. (2018). Assessment of sustainable initiatives in Indian ports using AHP framework. International Journal of Business Excellence, 16(1), 110–126. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBEX.2018.094580
Shakeel, S. I., Brown, M., Sethi, S., & MacKey, T. K. (2019). Achieving the end game: Employing vaccine diplomacy to eradicate polio in Pakistan. BMC Public Health, 19(1) 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6393-1
Shukla, S., Fressin, F., Un, M., Coetzer, H., & Chaguturu, S. K. (2022). Optimizing vaccine distribution via mobile clinics: A case study on COVID-19 vaccine distribution to long-term care facilities. Vaccine, 40(5), 734-741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.12.049
Sun, J., Zhang, M., Gehl, A., Fricke, B., Nawaz, K., Gluesenkamp, K., Shen, B., Munk, J., Hagerman, J., & Lapsa, M. (2022). COVID 19 vaccine distribution solution to the last mile challenge: Experimental and simulation studies of ultra-low temperature refrigeration system. International Journal of Refrigeration, 133, 313-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2021.11.005
Wang, H. B., Zhang, L. F., Yu, W. Z., Wen, N., Yan, D. M., Tang, J. J., Zhang, Y., Fan, C. X., Reilly, K. H., Xu, W. B., Li, L., Ding, Z. R., & Luo, H. M. (2015). Cross-border collaboration between China and Myanmar for emergency response to imported vaccine derived poliovirus case. BMC Infectious Diseases, 15(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-0745-y
Xiao, J., Cheung, J. K., Wu, P., Ni, M. Y., Cowling, B. J., & Liao, Q. (2022). Temporal changes in factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and uptake among adults in Hong Kong: Serial cross-sectional surveys. The Lancet Regional health 23(1) 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100441
Yamin, D., & Gavious, A. (2013). Incentives effect in Influenza Vaccination Policy. Management Science, 59(12), 2667-2686. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42919502
Yarmand, H., Ivy, J. S., Denton, B., & Lloyd, A. L. (2014). Optimal two-phase vaccine allocation to geographically different regions under uncertainty. European Journal of Operational Research, 233(1), 208-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2013.08.027