1. INTRODUCTION

Discovery layers, link resolvers, and federated search tools have significantly added to a paradigm shift in the process of information retrieval and provided a way to access information in a quick and easy manner. Technology has transformed users’ information retrieval and information seeking behaviour, and increased the value of information resources by providing deeper understanding (Craigle, 2011). Users can have a structured, well-defined search experience, and faster response and results ranked by relevancy, like a “google” (Pinkas et al., 2014). In many cases, the search and retrieval approach of the user depends on search expertise and understanding of the use of information resources. Legal information resources are quite different in nature, and they can be categorised as primary and secondary. Primary legal information resources include cases, rules, statutes, and administrative regulations. Secondary information resources in law include commentary on the law, summarised information with comments and opinions on primary information, and other secondary information sources such as reviews, indexes, bibliographies, and so on. Legal information is also available in various formats, i.e. print, online, and offline (CDROMs, etc.) that could be another criterion of legal information resource categorisation.

Various types and formats of information resources have their own complexity, due to their own methods and mechanism for retrieval of information (Gross & Sheridan, 2011). Computerised information retrieval has emerged as a tool/medium to navigate, search, retrieve, and store information in ICT (Information and Communication Technology) environments. The information retrieval process requires method, tricks, and tips for effective searching and retrieval of knowledge. Books and law reports are also considered the most important information resource in legal information domain (Thanuskodi, 2009). Users of legal information need to utilise the advantages of the global spread of legal information to supplement local content; therefore local and international legal information resources are useful. Legal information users from the very beginning gave preference to a system which would grant access to the authentic text of the legal sources, the text as formed by the agency within the legal system authorised to issue such sources, such as the statutes adopted by parliament, regulations issued by the government, or case law by the decisions of the courts, in addition to the other information sources (Bing, 2010). Recent developments in publishing technology have introduced various kinds of information databases, electronic formats, and publications in an online and offline environment, which has resulted in a proliferation of electronic resources alongside the traditional print collection. Many qualitative information resources are available on the Internet under public domain and under open access categories (Gross & Sheridan, 2011).

To retrieve a wealth of legal information, various kinds of information sources need to be consulted; this consultation of information resources and retrieval of desired information from sources is called legal research. Legal information research/search includes steps that begin with identification, analysis of the problem, and completes or concludes at the end of the results of the investigation. Search interfaces can play a pivotal role in the process of effective and systematic search and retrieval of information from multiple information resources (Saha, 2010). Observation of current practices in the legal information retrieval process adopted by libraries and the legal academic community shows that users need to search and retrieve information from different types of information resources one by one; this requires multiple queries to be executed using different search interfaces to retrieve information from different databases available in the libraries. This entire process of retrieval needs time and a systematic search approach, but by using discovery search layers the library can facilitate for users a single search interface for retrieving information from multiple available databases. That can help them to save their time and can avoid search complications.

2. DISCOVERY LAYERS

A discovery layer is an application software that works as a cloud for retrieval of information; it provides simple as well as advanced search options along with high-quality resource populated search results (Goodsett, 2014). Discovery layers provide single windows access for entire library collections with added navigation features such as result ranking and integration. Many prominent service providers have developed their own search layers solutions for retrieving information. For libraries the discovery layer is an innovative marketing device to promote library resources, and to ensure information visibility during the search and retrieval process (Shapiro, 2014). Methods related to retrieving information from multiple databases are in a transition phase, moving towards a resource discovery-oriented destination from simple individual database specific searches. Using a discovery layer all available resources in the library can be integrated for information retrieval purposes. Law library collections are unique and widely categorised; they include primary legal material (historic and current related to all jurisdictions, i.e. local, national, and international statutes), case law, and current secondary material related to allied areas of law. If we compare academic law libraries with other academic libraries, it can be stated that law libraries are not similar with other libraries in the context of purposes, organisation of collections, management of services, and availability of information resources and their use (Levor, 2004). Indian academic law libraries are supporting and providing access to supplement scholarly content for legal teaching and research for their users (Theresa & Jerome, 2010). They are catering to the academic and research needs of the institution by providing on-demand scholarly information using databases such as LexisNexis, Westlaw, SCC, Manupatra, AIR, and free online resources, in addition to traditionally available printed resources such as books, journals, and law reports. Library OPAC (Online Public Access Catalogue) is also playing an important role in the dissemination of information resources (print and electronic) which are acquired and subscribed to by the library.

Access to desired information quickly from multiple information resources is a complex process in a traditional environment. Therefore, online catalogues, discovery layers, federated search interfaces, link resolvers, and other related tools are becoming the popular alternative. Federated search and discovery tool services are one of the most important developments in this juncture to help users. Discovery layers/search interfaces are useful for finding the first point of information retrieval, but for in-depth information retrieval users need to search individual information resources, using their individual database oriented search interface. In other words availability of information can be maximised using integrated multiple database oriented search interfaces (Campbell, 2010). This means a single query will retrieve information from all available materials in the library, including e-journals and newspapers, and free open access resources and retrieved search results can be presented in a single list (Gross & Sheridan, 2011). In the early phase of development discovery tools emerged as a tool for federated searches with the integration of Web 2.0 and social networking feature. Later on, in the year 2009 this concept emerged as discovery services when Serials Solutions announced their “Unified Discovery Service,” i.e. Summon. This development is further closely followed by the EBSCO Discovery Service, and other similar open source products have also contributed in this direction such as Vufind, Blacklight, and the eXtensible Catalog toolkit to provide an integrated search facility. An integrated search interface in the form of discovery layers could be an additional feature for navigating available resources in an effective and easy way (Gross & Sheridan, 2011).

Several studies have indicated that now all across the world many libraries in other subject areas are using federated and discovery search layers to avoid this ambiguity. Federated and discovery search layers both allow simultaneous searching at one time. Using federated searching a single query can be distributed to the multiple databases, whereas discovery layers bring together multiple collections in the central index from available databases (Das, 2015). Both federated and discovery searches provide an integrated search interface which can search across a range of databases, including library catalogues. If we compare discover layer vs. federated search methods, the discovery layers do not search resources in real time as they are using pre-index resources for fast retrieval, whereas a federated search interface retrieves information live from the database itself. The central indexing feature is an ability to search multiple resources simultaneously. It can be divided into two major categories, i.e. cross search, which searches distributed sources simultaneously and presents the results in a common results interface; and harvested search, which retrieves the contents of multiple distributed databases, normalizes the records, and stores them in a large union index (Gibson, Goddard, & Gordon, 2009).

Federated searching has some limitations, such as lack of relevancy-ranked results and inability to eliminate duplicate records, and so retrieves very limited information. On the other hand discovery layers are independent from the specific types of information resources which are available in the library such as library OPAC, online databases, and full texts in publishers’ search interfaces for retrieving e-books and e-journals. Discovery layers provide many features that we call next generation catalogues. The aim of a discovery search interface is to integrate all possible library resources using a single interface. Gross and Sheridan (2011) mention that several commercial discovery products are appearing in the market, and they can be considered favourable compared with federated search interfaces because of their fast result-oriented nature, but they do not provide live updated information because they do not work in a real time environment. A discovery product consists of an interface that direct user queries toward the library resources as well as other information resources (Breeding, 2010). Another product in this context is the “link resolver” that supplements discovery tool searching; it is based on the openURL standard and includes metadata that works between a “source,” where a user begins their search process, and a “target,” where the user would like to proceed for retrieval of information. Examples include Ex Libris’ SFX link resolver, Serials Solutions’ 360 Link, and so on (CARLI, n.d.).

The discovery tool emerged among products that provide integrated access to books, journal articles, and other library holdings (Caplan, 2012). Some of the prominently available discovery search interfaces are mentioned in Table 1.

Table 1.

Prominent Discovery Layers

Discovery layers are now providing an alternate of a common gateway for retrieval of information in the library, and are gaining importance day by day among the user community. But it is the ground reality that academic libraries, where they are using discovery layers, are still providing access to their resources through their legacy library catalogue and through database specific searches (Hofmann & Yang, 2012). This shows that the discovery solutions are not a complete alternate because they cannot replace the OPAC. Users are still using multiple database oriented search options in addition to discovery layer searching. All the library resources are not covered in discovery layers; this reveals that discovery layers do not index and cover all the library resources. Selection of the right discovery software for use in the library will be a difficult task, for it depends on a multitude of tangential factors (“Software Selection Methodology,” n.d.). If a library would like to implement discovery layers, they need to evaluate discovery solutions keeping in view selection criteria, pros and cons, coverage, and features (“Software Selection Methodology,” n.d.). Discovery tool search interfaces are fast and pre-indexed, providing quick retrieval of results, and some of the discovery tool products crawl local websites also. On the other side, federated search interfacing is an interface which works in a real-time environment and takes time in retrieving information. Georgas (2013) mentioned that library users always prefer fast retrieval, explaining why discovery layers are playing an important role in this direction by providing single windows access that saves users time in retrieval of information, but they are not comprehensive like federated search, and do not index everything. Conventional federated search engines are using connectors, a kind of software programs to connect individual databases, while discovery layers are using an entirely different approach for content retrieval by extracting data and building their own internal central index (Yang & Wagner, 2010). Hoeppner (2012) and Balaji Babu & Krishnamurthy (2013) mention that discovery interfaces combined with integrated library solutions can provide the below-mentioned features and advantages:

3. STANDARDS

There are various protocols and standards related to information retrieval which will be applicable for discovery layers, to harvest content from web-based resources, and also to establish compatibility between the resources by implementing common metadata harvesting protocols and practices. Therefore, organisations working towards the development of common practices relating to information retrieval and management started working for issues related to discovery layers. NISO (National Information Standards Organization), a non-profit association accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), formed the Open Discovery Initiative (NISO ODI, 2014). ODI is working towards interoperability related issues and common practices for discovery layer or search interfaces, so that participating discovery vendors and content providers can have data exchange in between. The NISO working group also addresses issues related to content listings, linking practices, file formats and methods of transfer, and usage statistics. “The National Federation of Advanced Information Services Recommended Practices: Discovery Services,” published in August 2013, addresses the interests of the service providers of abstracting and indexing services (NISO ODI, 2014; Breeding, 2015). Apart from ODI recommendations, there are a few formal standards generally applying to the resource discovery system which will also be applicable in discovery layer environment, such as OAI-PMH (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting), Resource Sync (ANSI/NISO Z39.99-2014), and KBART (Knowledge Bases and Related Tools, NISO RP-9-2014). Gibson et al. (2009) stressed the importance of harvesting protocols such as METS (Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard, LOCKSS (Lots of Copies Keeps Stuff Safe), and OAI-PMH, commonly implemented in digital repositories, that allows sending an HTTP request to a data provider and in response returns an XML-encoded data stream containing the metadata for a specific collection of objects. Compatibility with various protocols and implementation of standards will help keep system / discovery tools interoperable (Bharathy, Vastrad, & Kumar, 2011).

4. METHOD

In this paper, an effort is made to assess the use and importance of discovery solutions for academic law libraries in India. A survey of the top seven law library websites as mentioned below is conducted to know the availability and use of various subscribed information resources.

A trial access of discovery products was implemented, available online resource compatibility with discovery solutions was assessed, and observations were made during the trial access period provided by the discovery layers service provider. Further discussion was held with the representatives of discovery layer service providers, and related published literature was also consulted to know the compatibility of discovery layers with legal information resources. ProQuest web scale discovery Summon has responded in detail, and they have also extended their trial access on the campus at http://nliu.summon.serialssolutions.com. Based on trial access, resource compatibility was tested and represented in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Trial access of “ProQuest Web Scale Discovery Summon” implemented at NLIU

In addition to trial access, an email was sent to the discovery service providers to know the below-mentioned details with reference to access and integration of resources for providing single windows search.

1. The possibility of integration of the below mentioned information resources with discovery tools.

5. DISCUSSION AND FINDINGS

The discovery layers search interface allows a user to search multiple databases using single interfaces, and arranges output results received from various databases, indexed and presented to the end user in a single set of results. Based on the survey, information has been collected with reference to online databases subscribed to by the law university libraries represented in Table 2. There are some common databases subscribed to by law libraries, and they can be considered as important databases for legal research. Any researcher who would like to search law and allied areas needs to consult the below-mentioned databases to complete their legal information search.

Table 2.

Databases Subscribed by Law Universities (National Law Schools) in India

Database SCC Online, Manupatra, West Law India, and AIR are identified as an important resource as they cover common content related to case law. Shrivastava, Srivastava, Khare, and Pai (2012) discuss and evaluate access to legal research and mention that there are four important legal databases in India, namely SCC Online, Manupatra, West Law India, and Lexis India. Many of these resources are also recommended by the Bar Council of India (2008). All of these databases are being used frequently by the legal fraternity for retrieval of case law. Rai (n.d.) compared format and coverage of the databases in her presentation and mentions that these databases cover judgments of the Supreme Court, all high courts, tribunals, and the Privy Council, and also provide access to Central and State Acts, circulars, bills, ordinances, e-books, and e-journals. There are important public domain sources for case law and State and Central Acts such as JUDIS, COURTNIC, and India Code.

Table 2 also shows that Hein Online, JSTOR, and Lexis Nexis Academic are also some other important databases commonly subscribed to by the law universities; these databases cover research articles related to law and allied areas. Most of the law school libraries are subscribing to commercial online services/electronic databases as an important information resource along with print resources for their users; this revealed that these databases are important for legal information retrieval, as almost all the libraries of Indian law universities are using them.

Current information retrieval practice in law libraries shows that users are consulting databases to search and retrieve information using database specific search interfaces, and this takes lots of time and effort. Users are consulting the library OPAC for books available in the library, and online and CDROM databases for electronic information. Catalogues and library OPACs are playing an important role in connecting users with the available print resources in the library, whereas other databases provide online access or supplemental available print resources. The individual resources need to be searched through their search interfaces separately. This consumes time, as the single query needs to be executed repeatedly on all of the databases for retrieving desired information. Users of the library need to be well aware of various database specific search techniques for effective information retrieval.

Trial access and discussion with the discovery solution providers revealed that case law available in the commercial as well as in the open access public domain databases can not be retrieved through discovery solutions because database developers do not allow their data to be indexed in a central index of the discovery solutions. Legal databases do not adhere to the standards of information retrieval such an open URL, OAIPMH, etc. Therefore, legal information products are not supporting interoperability related standards and protocols; therefore, information databases available in the area of law are not compatible with discovery layer products. The discovery layers search interface allows a user to search multiple databases using single interfaces, and arranges output results received from various databases, indexed and presented to the end user in a single set of results.

Compatibility is an important aspect of providing a single window search through the discovery layer. The single window search will be very important in the domain of law also where users of information desire necessary information within a limited time span. The discovery layer is a kind of method which can play a pivotal role, and therefore the compatibility aspects of discovery layers with Indian legal resources was checked, keeping in view available features in discovery layers like coverage of central index, relevancy ranking, customizability, the export capability to bibliographic management software, authentication flexibility, ease of implementation, and ongoing maintenance.

Table 3 represents various databases which are subscribed to by Indian law libraries with their compatibility of discovery search tools. Users cannot search Indian cases and other important legal information available in the above-mentioned databases through discovery layers, because of the unavailability of contents in a discovery tool central index system. Published literature and discussions with the vendors revealed that the central index of the discovery tool system does not index metadata related to Indian legal resources. Legal databases such as Manupatra, AIR, and SCC do not share their metadata with discovery service providers. A survey conducted by AALL’s Online Bibliographic Services Special Interest Section (OBSSIS) and Technical Services Special Interest Section (TS-SIS) shows that international content available in Hein Online, LexisNexis, and Westlaw supports online discovery layers (Craigle, 2011). Therefore, it can be assumed that the articles available in Hein Online, LexisNexis, and Westlaw can be searched and retrieved using a discovery layer. In this regard, an email was sent to the discovery tool service providers or their representatives; in response Summon mentioned that legal resources which are not indexed in their system can be further linked to Summon for searching through the Summon link resolver.

Table 3.

Resource (Subscribed Databases) Compatibility with Discovery Layers

Discovery tool products are usually deployed alongside or as an outright replacement to a traditional online public access catalogue (OPAC); on the other hand, software developers working for library LMS have also gone out of their way to develop next generation catalogues. The latest available integrated search interfaces in the form of library OPAC are enriched with more user oriented Web 2.0 enabled features. Library management software such as Ex Libris, Primo, III’s Encore, and VTLS’ Visualizer are a few examples in this category. In India, discovery layers are not very popular among the libraries, including law libraries, but internationally law libraries are providing an interface for searching the library OPAC/catalogue through discovery layers.

Table 4 shows the use of various library automation systems and their compatibility with discovery solutions. Discovery layer service providers expressed their views in this connection that library automation systems such as KOHA, VTLS, and LibSys can support discovery tools because bibliographic data extracted from the mentioned software is available in MARC 21 format, and can be imported into a discovery tool central index. Some of the libraries from outside India have already integrated VuFind’s interface with KOHA. Vufind is an open source discovery tool solution; it provides unified OPAC 2.0 based characteristics. MARC compliant OPAC records, digital items available in digital library systems, institutional repository resources, third party library collections, and subscribed resources can be integrated with it. VuFind is completely modular, allows libraries to use either a basic configuration or all the components, and it supports interoperability and content integration with product such as Primo Central, EbscoHost, Summon and WorldCat (“VuFind,” 2015).

Table 4.

Library Softwares Compatibility with Discovery Layers

Law libraries need to identify appropriate selection criteria for choosing discovery layers, which can cover maximum resources. Chickering and Yang (2014) suggested a list of criteria for the purpose of the evaluation discovery layers; the criteria need to be used for software selection related to discovery layers. Law is a knowledge driven discipline, where information is a very important commodity and professionals working in this discipline as lawyers, academicians, and researchers want to keep themselves up-to-date with related information. Therefore, technology developers have introduced legal databases to obtain legal information for law professionals. Library users have to search multiple electronic resources as part of their legal research; various databases available in the area of law and allied subjects have their own style of search and retrieval (Sloan, 2009). Information researchers should have possible bibliographic control in a related domain/ subject area, and they should not inadvertently miss any relevant resource. Discovery tool products can play an important role in this regard. Users from the area of law and allied areas need to be well aware about the process of information retrieval and kinds of information available in a particular database. Primary legal information such as case law is available under public domain categories, due to the fact that many aggregators are providing access to legal information resources through their products. But this multiplicity creates confusion for the users of legal information resources to retrieve information. Duplicate or similar kinds of content in a range of databases, and similar or same articles/books, are indexed and bundled in multiple online products. The possible solution could be single window access to the information resources through discovery solutions.

6. CONCLUSION

Ideally, libraries can maximise resource usage by integrating multiple resources in a single window, single search mechanism. Users of the library will be happy if they can retrieve desired information using a single search query/single search box/single search interface, as it will save their time. The discovery layers can facilitate this feature, but unfortunately not all legal database developers have made available their content for integration with discovery layer solutions. Lack of database coverage and integration with metadata, OAI/PMH, Dublin core, and MARC, and interoperability with existing content repositories are some issues related to discovery layers that minimise their usage in law libraries. Compatibility of discovery layer with subscribed resources available in law libraries shows that case law resources are one of the most important resources for retrieval of primary information in the area of law. But unfortunately they are not covered by any of the discovery tool service provider. In this situation, law libraries can avail only half solutions from the discovery layers for their users. Although library OPACs and other important international resources can be integrated with discovery solutions, discovery layers are not of much use in the present context in Indian law libraries.

Some of our observations and findings can generalise that:

Libraries can enhance the functionality of their existing search interfaces using customised next generation OPACs and using discovery layers. But for Indian law libraries using discovery layers is a half solution which cannot be adopted in present form. Discovery layers have made an impact on the library system and on services; therefore they are taking their place in libraries worldwide. Indian legal information resources and databases need to adhere to the standards of information retrieval; that will allow integration with discovery interfaces.