- 권한신청
- P-ISSN1229-0661
- E-ISSN1229-0661
- KCI
한국판 지혜 척도의 개발 및 타당화 연구
The Development and Validity of the Korean Wisdom Scale
조성호 (가톨릭대학교)
- 다운로드 수
- 조회수
초록
본 연구의 목적은 한국에서의 지혜 연구 기초를 마련하기 위하여 한국판 지혜 척도를 개발하고 타당화하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 예비 척도 문항들을 수집하고, 전문가의 내용타당도 검증을 거쳐 56개의 예비문항을 구성하였다. 먼저 567명(M=27.52세)의 대학생 및 일반인을 대상으로 설문을 실시하였고, 탐색적 요인분석을 통해 지혜 척도의 요인구조를 확인하였다. 다음으로 새로운 대학생 및 일반인 참가자 566명(M=27.84세)을 대상으로 확인적 요인분석을 통해 본 척도 요인구조의 안정성을 검증하였다. 또한, 전체 참가자 대상(N=1,133)으로 지혜 척도의 수렴 및 변별타당도를 평가하였다. 그 결과, 한국판 지혜 척도는 다섯 개의 하위요인을 가진 것으로 확인되었고, 하위요인들은 ‘안목과 통찰’, ‘정서조절’, ‘조망수용’, ‘경험의 통합’, ‘관심과 포용’이었다. 그리고 본 지혜 척도는 만족할만한 신뢰도, 수렴 및 변별타당도를 나타내었다. 마지막으로 연구 결과를 토대로, 본 척도가 갖는 의의와 본 연구의 제한점 및 후속연구 방향성에 대해 논의하였다.
- keywords
- wisdom, Korea, wisdom scale, adult development, development of scale, 지혜, 한국, 지혜 척도, 성인 발달, 척도 개발
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop the Korean Wisdom Scale and examine the validity of the scale. The Korean Wisdom Scale was developed and identified its validity by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis. The Korean Wisdom Scale consists of five factors, which are ‘Outlook and Insight’, ‘Adjustment of Emotion’, ‘Perspective Taking’, ‘Integration of Experience’, ‘Concern and Comprehension’. Those five factors indicated the reasonable fit index by confirmatory factor analysis. In addition, this scale identified a significant positive relation with psychological well-being such as satisfaction and meaning of life, satisfaction of relationship. On the other hand, it indicated a negative relation with psychological symptoms such as neurosis and clinging. Also, the scale was differentiated from Adult Self-transcendence Inventory. Therefore, the results indicated that this scale has a reliable criterion-related validity. Finally, implication and limitation of this study were discussed in relation with future studies.
- keywords
- wisdom, Korea, wisdom scale, adult development, development of scale, 지혜, 한국, 지혜 척도, 성인 발달, 척도 개발
참고문헌
강은영, 이영호 (2006). 이차원 자기애 척도의개발과 타당화: 자기주도적 자기애 및 타인의존적 자기애와 심리적 특성과의 관계.한국심리학회지; 임상, 25(2), 397-415.
권선중, 김교헌 (2007). 한국판 마음챙김 주의알아차림 척도 (K-MAAS)의 타당화 연구.한국심리학회지; 건강, 12(1), 269-287.
김민희 (2008). 한국인의 지혜 개념 탐색과 중노년기 삶에서 지혜의 의미. 서울대학교 박사학위 청구논문.
김민희, 민경환 (2010). 지혜의 연령차와 중노년기 심리적 적응과의 상관. 한국노년학회지, 30(3), 947-971.
김명소, 김혜원, 차경호 (2001). 심리적 안녕감의 구성개념분석: 한국 성인 남녀를 대상으로. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 15(2),19 - 39.
김완석, 김영진 (1997). 주관적 안녕 척도: 공동생활 및 활동과의 연관. 한국심리학회지:사회문제, 3(1), 61-81.
김은희 (2006). 개정판 집착척도 개발 및 타당화.가톨릭대학교 박사학위 논문.
김은희 (2008). 집착의 잠재계층과 정신건강.한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 20(3),753-771.
대한불교조계종포교원 (1995). 불교입문. 서울:조계종출판사.
문용린, 김민강, 이지혜, 원현주 (2008). 한국인의 도덕판단력 발달에 관한 비교연구. 교육심리연구, 22, 281-299.
법륜스님 (1996). 반야심경 이야기. 서울: 정토출판.
성기월, 이신영, 박종한 (2010). ‘한국노인의 지혜척도’ 개발에 관한 연구. 한국노년학회지, 30(1), 65-80.
송승훈, 이홍석, 박준호, 김교헌 (2009). 한국판외상후 성장 척도의 타당도 및 신뢰도 연구. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 14(1), 193-214.
원두리, 김교헌, 권선중 (2005). 한국판 삶의의미척도의 타당화 연구: 대학생을 대상으로. 한국심리학회: 건강, 10(2), 211-225.
윤호균 (2005). 심리상담의 치료적 기제. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 17(1), 1-13.
이동귀, 이수란, 박현주 (2008). 한국판 자기평가 소재 척도의 타당화. 한국심리학회지:상담 및 심리치료, 20(1), 65-82.
이수림, 양미진 (2009). 질적 분석을 통한 상담과정 중 내담자 지혜 발달 연구. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 21(4), 791-813.
이수림, 조성호 (2007). 나이듦과 지혜: 성공적노화의 통합적 개념화. 한국심리학회지: 사회문제, 13(3), 65-87.
조긍호 (2007). 동아시아 집단주의와 유학 사상: 그 관련성의 심리학적 탐색. 한국심리학회지 사회 및 성격, 21(4), 21-53.
주용국 (2011). 전문직 은퇴자의 성공적 노화에 미치는 영향 요인 분석. 직업교육연구,30, 75-96.
차재호, 정지원 (1993). 현대 한국 사회에서의집합주의. 한국심리학회지: 사회, 7(1), 150-163.
한국산업인력공단 (2001). 직업선호도검사 타당화 연구보고서. 한국산업인력관리공단 중앙고용정보원.
홍세희 (2000). 구조방정식 모형의 적합도 지수 선정 기준과 그 근거. 한국심리학회지:임상, 19(1), 161-177.
홍세희 (2006). 요인분석과 구조방정식 모형의이해와 적용. 광운대학교 학생상담실 동계워크샵 교재.
Ardelt, M. (1997). Wisdom and life satisfaction in old age. Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 52(1), 15-27.
Ardelt, M. (2000). Antecedents and effects of wisdom in old age: A longitudinal perspective on aging well. Research on Aging, 22(4), 360-336.
Ardelt, M. (2003). Development and empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Research on Aging, 25, 275-324.
Ardelt, M. (2005). How wise people cope with crises and obstacles in life. Revision, 28(1), 7-19
Ardelt, M. (2009). How similar are wise men and women? A comparison across two age cohorts. Research in Human Development, 6(1), 9-26.
Ardelt, M. (2011). Are older adults wiser than college students? A comparison of two age cohorts. Journal of Adult Development, 17(4), 193-207.
Arlin, P. K. (1990). Wisdom: The art of problem finding. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp 230-243). Cambridge, U. K.: Cambridge University Press.
Baltes, P. B., & Smith, J.(1990). Towards a psychology of wisdom and its ontogenesis. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.). Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp.87-120). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Baltes, P. B., & Staudinger, U. M. (2000). Wisdom: A metaheuristic (Pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence. American Psychologist. 55(1), 122-136.
Baltes, P. B., Staudinger, U. M., Maercker, A., & Smith, J. (1995). People nominated as wise: A comparative study of wisdom-related knowledge. Psychology and Aging, 10, 155-166.
Birren, J. E., & Svensson, C. M. (2005). Wisdom in history. In R. J. Sternberg & J. Jordan (Ed.), A handbook of wisdom. Cambridge University Press.
Bluck, S., & Glück, J. (2004). Making things better and learning a lesson: Experiencing wisdom across the life span. Journal of Personality, 72, 543-572.
Clayton, V.(1982). Wisdom and intelligence: The nature and function of knowledge in the later years. International Journal of Aging and Development. 15, 315-23.
Clayton, V., & Birren, J. E. (1980). The development of wisdom across the lifespan: A reexamination of an ancient topic. In P. B. Baltes & O. G. Brim (Eds.), Lifespan development and behavior vol3 (pp103-135). New York
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Curnow, T. (1999). Wisdom, intuition, and ethics. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.
Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
Flood, M. (2002). Successful aging. Journal of Theory Construction & Testing, 6. 105-108.
Floyd, F. J. & Widaman, K. F. (1995). Factor analysis in development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychological Assessment, 7, 286-299.
Glück, J., & Bluck, S. (2011). Laypeople's conceptions of wisdom and its development: Cognitive and integrative views. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 66B(3), 321-324.
Hartman, P. S. (2000). Women developing wisdom: antecedents and correlates in a longitudinal sample. University of Michigan, Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
Helson, R., & Srivastava, S. (2002). Creative and wise people: Similarities, differences, and how they develop. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(10), 1430-1440.
Jennings, P. A. (2004). The role of personality, stress, and coping in the development of wisdom. University of California Davis, Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
Kekes, J. (1983). Wisdom. American Philosophical Quarterly, 20, 277-286.
Kitchener, K. S., & Brenner, H. G. (1990). Wisdom and reflective judgement: Knowing in the face of uncertainty. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp 212-229). Cambridge, U. K.: Cambridge University Press.
Kwon, Yoo-Kyung. (1995). Wisdom in Korean families: its development, correlates, and consequences for life adaptation. Cornell University, Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
Kunzmann, U., & Baltes, P. B. (2003). Wisdom-related knowledge: Affective, motivational, and interpersonal correlates. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1104-1119
Le, T. N. (2004). A cross-cultural of practical and transcendent wisdom. University of California Davis, Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
Le, T. N. (2008). Cultural values, life experiences, and wisdom. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 66, 259-281.
Levenson, M. R., Aldwin, C. M., & Cupertino, A. P. (2001). Transcending the self: Towards a liberative model of adult development. In A. L. Neri (Ed.), Maturidade & Velhice: Umenfoquemultidisciplinar (pp.99-115). SaoPaulo, BR: Papirus.
Levenson, M. R., Jennings, P. A., Aldwin, C. M.,& Shiraishi, R. W. (2005). Self-transcendence:conceptualization and measurement.International Journal of aging and humandevelopment, 60(2), 127-143.
Levitt, H. M. (1999). The development of wisdom: An analysis of Tibetan Buddhist experience. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 39(2), 86-105.
Levitt, H. M., Frankel, Z., Hiestand, K., Ware, K., Bretz, K., Kelly, R., McGhee, S., Nordtvedt, R. T., Raina, K. (2003). The Transformational experience of insight: A life-changing event. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 17, 1-26.
McKee, P., & Barber, C. (1999). On defining wisdom. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 49(2), 149-164.
Montgomery, A., Barber, C., & Mckee, P. (2002). A phenomenological study of wisdom in later life. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 54(2), 139-157.
No, Ann-Young. (1993). Wisdom as defined and perceived by counseling psychologists. University of Kentucky, Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
Pasupathi, M., Staudinger, U. M., & Baltes, P. B.(2001). Seeds of wisdom:adolescents'knowledge and judgement about difficult lifeproblems. Developmental psychology, 37, 351-361.
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069-1081.
Smith, J., & Baltes, P. B. (1990). Wisdom-related knowledge: Age/cohort differences in response to life-planning problems. Developmental Psychology, 26, 494-505.
Smith, J., Staudinger, U. M., & Baltes, P. B.(1994). Occupational settings facilitatingwisdom-related knowledge: The sample case ofclinical psychologists. Journal of Consulting andClinical Psychology, 62(5), 989-999.
Staudinger, U. M., & Baltes, P. B. (1996). Interactive minds: A facilitative setting for wisdom related performance? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 746-762.
Staudinger, U. M., Lopez, D. F., & Baltes, P. B. (1997). The psychometric location of wisdom-related performance: Intelligence, personality, and more? Personality & social psychology bulletin, 23(11), 1200-1214.
Staudinger, U. M., Maciel A. G., Smith, J., & Baltes, P. B. (1998). What predicts wisdom-related performance? A first Look at personality, intelligence, and facilitative experiential contexts. European Journal of Personality, 12, 1-17.
Staudinger, U. M., Smith, J., & Baltes, P. B.(1992). Wisdom-related knowledge in a lifereview task : Age differences and the role ofprofessional specialization. Psychology and Aging,7(2), 271-281.
Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M.(2004). The development and validation of themeaning in life questionnaire. Unpublishedmanuscript. University of Minesota.
Sternberg, R. J. (1998). A balance theory of wisdom. Review of General Psychology, 2(4), 347-365.
Takahashi, M. (2000). Toward a culturally inclusive understanding of wisdom: Historical roots in the East and West. International juornal of aging and human development, 51(3), 217-230.
Takahashi, M., & Bordia, P. (2000). The concept of wisdom: A cross-cultural comparison. International Journal of Psychology, 35(1), 1-9.
Takahashi, M., & Overton, W. F. (2002). Wisdom: A culturally inclusive developmental perspective. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26(3), 269-277.
Taylor, M., Bates, G., & Webster, J. D. (2011). Comparing the psychometric properties of two measures of wisdom: Predicting forgiveness and psychological well-being with the Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale (SAWS) and the Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale (3D-WS). Experimental Aging Research, 37(2), 129-141.
Webster, D. (2003). An exploratory analysis of a self-assessed wisdom scale. Journal of Adult Development, 10(1), 13-22.
Wink, P., & Helson, R. (1997). Practical and transcendent wisdom: Their nature and some longitudinal findings. Journal of adult Development, 4(1), 1-15.
Yang, Shih-ying. (2000). Conceptions of wisdom among Taiwanese Chinese. University of Yale, Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
- 다운로드 수
- 조회수
- 0KCI 피인용수
- 0WOS 피인용수