open access
메뉴
open access
메뉴
ISSN : 2092-738X
The Rakhine (Arakanese) from present-day Rakhine State (Arakan) in Western Myanmar and the Marma from the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) of Southeast Bangladesh originated from the same region, share the same culture and practice the same religion. However, the people from CHT have developed a distinctive identity and are individualized by a different name “Marma”. This development raises a number of historical questions. This paper explores how the Arakanese descendants became “Marma” in Bangladesh.
Ahsan, Selina. 1995. The Marmas of Bangladesh. Dhaka: Ahsan Publishers.
Bernot, Lucien. 1953. In the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Pakistan Quarterly, 3(3): 17-19.
Bernot, Lu. 1957. Chittagong Hill Tribes. Pakistan Society and Culture. Stanley Marton, ed. 46-61. New Haven: Human Relations Area Files.
Bernot, Lu. 1960. Ethnic Groups of Chittagong Hill Tracts. Social Research in East Pakistan. P. Bessaignet, ed. 137-171. Dacca: Asiatic Society of Pakistan.
Bernot, Lu. 1967. Les paysans arakanais du Pakistan oriental (L’histoire, le monde végétal, et l’organisation sociale des réfugiés Marma (Mog)). Paris/La Haye: Mouton. (Vol 1 and 2).
Buchanan, Francis. 1799. A comparative Vocabulary of Some of the Languages Spoken in Burma Empire. Asiatik Researches, 5: 219-240.
Chittagong Hill Tracts Regional Council Act 1998. Act 12 of 1998, Bangladesh. http://bhdcbd.org/pdf/CHT%20Regional%20Council%20Act.pdf (Accessed September 22, 2015).
Davis, Heidi A. 2014. Consonant Correspondences of Burmese, Rakhine and Marma with Initial Implications for Historical Relationships. MA Dissertation. University of North Dakota.
Hamilton, Francis. 1820. Account of a Map of the Countries Subject to the King of Ava, drawn by a Slave of the King’s Eldest Son. The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, 2(4): 262-271.
Hamilton, Francis. 1825. An Account of the Frontier between the Southern Part of Bengal and the kingdom of Ava. The Edinburgh Journal of Science, 3(6): 201-212.
Harvey, G. E. 1925. History of Burma. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
Harvey, G. E. 1961. Bayinnaung’s Living Descendant: The Magh Bohmong. Journal of the Burma Research Society, 44(1): 35-42.
Hutchinson, Sneyd. 1906. An Account of the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Calcutta: The Bengal Secretariat Book Depôt.
Hutchinson, Sneyd.1909. Eastern Bengal and Assam District Gazetteers: Chittagong Hill Tracts. Allahabad: Pioneer Press.
Ishaq, M.A. 1971. Bangladesh District Gazetteers: Chittagong Hill Tracts. Dacca: Bangladesh Government Press.
Kavisara, Ashin. 1964. Mahā Paññakyau Lhyokthum: (originally written in 1787 CE). Rangoon: Hanthawaddy Pitaka Press.
Kavisara, Ashin. 1967. Dhaññavatī Are:taupum (originally written in 1787 CE). Rangoon: Hanthawaddy Pitaka Press.
Khan, Abdul Mabud. 1984. The Buddhists of Patuakhali: Problems of Identity and Existence in a Marginal Culture. Tribal Cultures in Bangladesh. Mahmud Shah Qureshi, ed. 113-126. Dhaka: Institute of Bangladesh Studies.
Khan, Abd. 1999. The Maghs: A Buddhist Community in Bangladesh. Dhaka: The University Press Limited.
Khan, Nurul Islam. 1977a. Bangladesh District Gazetteers: Comilla. Dacca: Bangladesh Government Press.
Khan, Nuru. 1977b. Bangladesh District Gazetteers: Noakhali. Dacca: Bangladesh Government Press.
Khin Maung Saw. 2014. Burma or Myanmar? Burmese or Burman? Rangoon or Yangon? Moemakha Media. http://eng.moemaka.net/2014/11/khin-maung-saw-burma-or-myanmar-burmese-orburman-rangoon-or-yangon/ (Accessed March 3, 2014).
Krairi Mog, Chaudhury. 2011. Mog Jonojateer Loko Sangskriti. Agartala: Tribal Research Institute.
Krairi Mog, Chaudhury. 2012. Mraima Folk Tales and Folklores. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi.
Kyaw Mra Than. 1993. The Extraction of Rakhine Divisional Establishment Gazetteers. Dhaka: Type-script Manuscript.
Leider, Jacques. 2004. Le Royaume d’Arakan, Birmanie. Son Histoire Politique entre le début du XVe et la fin du XVIIIe Siècle. Paris: Ecole française d’Extrême-Orient.
Löffler, Lorenz. 1968. A Note on the History of the Marma Chiefs of Banderban. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Pakistan, 13(2): 189-201.
Lethbridge, Sir Roper. 1893. The Golden Book of India: A Generological and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobels and other personages, titled or decorated of the Indian Empire. London: Macmillan and Co.
Leyden, J. 1811. On the Languages and Literature of the Indo-Chinese Nations. Asiatic Researches, 10: 158-289.
Lewin, T. H. 1869. Hill Tracts of Chittagong and the Dwellers therein. Calcutta. Bengal Printing Company Limited.
Lewin, T. H. 1870. Wild Races of Southeastern India. London: Wm H. Allen & Co.
Majid, Mustafa. 2005. The Rakhaines: Aborigines in Bangladesh. Dhaka: Mowla Brothers.
Maung Kyaw Shwe Nue. 1998. Marma Somaj O songskriti: Otit, Bortoman O Bhobissot. Sangu, Tribal Research Magazine: 67-78.
Menon, K. D. 1975. Tripura District Gazetteers. Agartala: Government of Tripura.
Mills, J. P. 1926-27. J. P. Mills and the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Wolfgang Mey, ed. 2009. http://www.heidelberg.de/savifadok/548/1/J.P._Mills_and_the_Chittagong_Hill_Tracts.pdf. (Accessed March 19, 2015).
Mong Sing Neo. 2010. Marama janagosthi. Bangladesh Adibasi. Dhaka: Utso Prokashan Publishers.
Mong Shanoo, Chowdhury. 2012. In Quest of Marma Ancestry: Marma and Magh Controversy. Paper presented at the Seminar on Ethnography of Mog Community in Tripura and Historical Linkages with Similar People in Other Countries. Sabroom, South Tripura, India. November 10, 2012.
MRCT. Mań: Rājākrī Cātam:. Originally compiled in 1602 CE and enlarged in 1775 CE. Palm-leaf Manuscript. Yangon/Naypyidaw: National Library. (NL1632).
Natsamī: Suik Rakhuiń Rājavań. n.d. Manuscript. Yangon: PEAL Publishers’ Collection.
Pearn, B. R. 1933. King-Bering. Journal of the Burma Research Society, 23: 55-85.
Phayre, A. P. 1841. Account of Arakan. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 2: 679-712.
Qanungo, Suniti Bhushan. 1988. History of Chittagong: Volume One (to 1761). Chittagong: Signet Library.
Qanungo, Suniti Bhushan. 2010. History of Chittagong: Volume Two (1761-1947). Chittagong: Shanti Press.
Sakkinda, Ashin. 1974. Rakhuiń Jātivamsa Mau-kvan: Cā. Rakhine Tazaung, 13: 133-142.
Sakkinda, Ashin. 1996. Rakhuiń Thoń Taññ Mruih Taññ Rwā Taññ Khrań:. Oo Hla Myint, ed. 88-99. Rakhuiń Yañkye:mhu Myā: A-mhat 7. Yangon: PEAL Publishers.
San Tha Aung. 1980. The Mog or the Magh or the Arakanese of Bangladesh. Rakhine Tazaung 15. Reprinted in Rakhine Ar-man 3: 60-66.
Sattar, Abdus. 1971. In the Sylvan Shadows. Dacca: Saquib Bros.
Serajuddin, A. M. 1971a. The Revenue Administration of the East India Company in Chittagong 1761-1785. Chittagong: University of Chittagong.
Serajuddin, A. M. 1971b. The Origins of the Rajas of the Chittagong Hill Tracts and their Relations with the Mughals and East India Company in the Eighteenth Century. Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, 19: 51-60.
The Letter sent from the Magistrate of the Zillah of Chittagong dated 30th November 1798 CE. Board’s Collections Volume 71, File 1583. London: British Library. Indian Office Records. (BL/IOR/F/4/71/1583).
Tin, U. 1963. Mranmā-mań: Upkhyup-pum Cātam:. Rangoon: Ministry of Union Culture.
TTMK. n.d. Thońtaññ Mau-kvan:. Manuscript. Sittwe: Private Collection.
Van Galen, Stephan 2008. Arakan and Bengal: the Rise and Decline of the MraukU kingdom from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century AD. PhD Dissertation. Leiden University.
Van Schendel, Willem. 1992. Francis Buchanan in Southeast Bengal (1798). Dhaka: Signum Press.
Webster, J. E. 1910. Easten Bengal District Gazetteers: Tippera. Allahabad. Pioneer Press.