- P-ISSN2765-6934
- E-ISSN2765-7027
- KCI
ISSN : 2765-6934
The Impact of Broadband Access on Unemployment Rate in Indonesia 2016-2019
Siskarossa Ika OKTORA (Politeknik Statistika STIS)
Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to determine the effect of broadband access, education level, population numbers, and investment on the unemployment rate in Indonesia. Research design, data, and methodology: This study uses panel data from 34 provinces from 2016 to 2019. The analysis uses the fixed-effect model for panel data with the Feasible Generalized Least Square (FGLS) estimation method. Results: Broadband access has a negative and significant effect on the unemployment rate. Mean years of school, population, and foreign direct investment also have a negative and significant impact on the unemployment rate. In contrast, the domestic direct investment variable has a positive and significant effect. Conclusion: The availability of broadband access in an area allows easier and faster access to information. The ease of access to such information can affect producing goods and services, encouraging innovation and employment growth, and reducing the unemployment rate. This research recommends that the government intensify the Indonesia Broadband Plan policy to accelerate the development and equitable distribution of broadband access in all regions of Indonesia.
- keywords
- Unemployment Rate, Broadband Access, Panel Data Regression
Reference
Alam, K., & Mamun, S. A. K. (2017). Access to broadband Internet and labour force outcomes: A case study of the Western Downs Region, Queensland. Telematics and Informatics, 34(4), 73–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2016.12.011
APJII. (2020). Laporan Survei Internet APJII 2019 – 2020. Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia, 2020, 1–146. https://apjii.or.id/survei
Atasoy, H. (2013). the Effects of Broadband Internet. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 66(April), 315–345.
Autor, D. H. (2001). Wiring the labor market. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15(1), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.15.1.25
Bai, Y. (2017). The faster, the better? The impact of internet speed on employment. Information Economics and Policy, 40, 21–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2017.06.004
Balcerzak, A. P., & Zurek, M. (2011). Foreign direct investment and unemployment: VAR analysis for Poland in the years 1995-2009. European Research Studies Journal, 14(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/306
Bappenas. Kominfo. Menko Perekonomian. Mastel. KADIN. (2014). Rencana PitaLebar Indonesia (Indonesia Broadband Plan) 2014 - 2019. https://ppidkemkominfo.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/rencana_pitalebar_indonesia_2014-2019.pdf
Bappenas. (2019). Evaluasi Akhir RPJMN 2015-2019. https://www.bappenas.go.id/id/data-dan-informasi utama/publikasi/evaluasi-perencanaan-pembangunan/
BKPM. (2020). Realisasi Penanaman Modal PMDN-PMA Triwulan IV dan Januari-Desember 2019. Www.Bkpm.Go.Id, 1–37. https://www.bkpm.go.id/images/uploads/file_siaran_pers/Paparan_Indonesia_TW_IV_-_2017_Kepala.pdf
Curran, J., Fenton, N., & Freedman, D. (2012). Misunderstanding the internet. In Misunderstanding the Internet. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203146484
Das, K., Gryseels, M., Sudhir, P., & Tan, K. T. (2016). Unlocking Indonesia ’ s digital opportunity. October, 1–28.
Gujarati, D. N. (2009). Basic Econometrics (fourth edi). Pearson.
Hasbi, M. (2020). Impact of very high-speed broadband on company creation and entrepreneurship: Empirical Evidence. Telecommunications Policy, 44(3), 1–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2019.101873
Hayes, A., & Setyonaluri, D. (2015). Taking Advantage of The Demographic Dividend in Indonesia: A Brief Introduction to Theory and Practice. UNFPA Indonesia, April, 3–5. https://indonesia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub pdf/Buku_Policy_Brief_on_Taking_Advantage_on_Demographic_Dividend_02c_%282%29_0.pdf
Heliati, R. (2019). The Effect of Remittance, GDP, investment, and population on Unemployment in Indonesia. MIMBAR :Jurnal Sosial Dan Pembangunan, 35(1), 175–184. https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v35i1.4396
Hisarciklilar, M., Karakas, D., & Asici, A. A. (2012). Can FDI Be a Panacea for Unemployment?: The Turkish Case. SSRN Electronic Journal, March. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1725779
Holt, L., & Jamison, M. (2009). Broadband and contributions to economic growth: Lessons from the US experience. Telecommunications Policy, 33(10–11), 575–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2009.08.008
Jayakar, K., & Park, E.-A. (2013). Broadband Availability and Employment: An Analysis Of County-Level Data From The National Broadband Map. Journal of Information Policy, 3(page 41), 181–200.
Jung, J. H., & Lim, D. G. (2020). Industrial robots, employment growth, and labor cost: A simultaneous equation analysis. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 159(June), 120202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120202
Jung, J., & López-Bazo, E. (2020). On the regional impact of broadband on productivity: The case of Brazil. Telecommunications Policy, 44(1), 101826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2019.05.002
Katz, R. L., Vaterlaus, S., Zenhäusern, P., & Suter, S. (2010). The impact of broadband on jobs and the German economy. Intereconomics, 45(1), 26–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10272-010-0322-y
Kominfo. (2019). Laporan Kinerja Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika 2018.
Kuhn, P., & Mansour, H. (2014). Is Internet Job Search Still Ineffective? Economic Journal, 124(581), 1213–1233. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12119
Lindiarta, A. (2014). Analisis Pengaruh Tingkat Upah Minimum, Inflasi , Dan Jumlah Penduduk terhadap Pengangguran di Kota Malang (1996-2013). Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa FEB Universitas Brawijaya. https://jimfeb.ub.ac.id/index.php/jimfeb/article/view/1232/1135
Lobo, B. J., Alam, M. R., & Whitacre, B. E. (2020). Broadband speed and unemployment rates: Data and measurement issues. In Telecommunications Policy (Vol. 44, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2019.101829
McKinsey. (2019). Otomasi dan masa depan pekerjaan di Indonesia. September, 1–5. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/featured insights/asia pacific/automation and the future of work in indonesia/automation-and-the-future-of-work-in-indonesia indonesian.ashx
Muslim, M. (2014). Pengangguran Terbuka Dan Determinannya. Jurnal Ekonomi & Studi Pembangunan, 15(2), 171–181. https://doi.org/10.18196/jesp.15.2.1234
OECD. (2014). Skills and jobs in the digital economy. Broadband Policies for Latin America and the Caribbean, 242, 269–296.
Reddick, C. G., Enriquez, R., Harris, R. J., & Sharma, B. (2020). Determinants of broadband access and affordability: An analysis of a community survey on the digital divide. Cities, 106(August), 102904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102904
Sadikova, M., Faisal, F., & Resatoglu, N. G. (2017). Influence of energy use, foreign direct investment and population growth on unemployment for Russian Federation. Procedia Computer Science, 120, 706–711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.11.299
Sari, F. W., & Bangun, R. H. (2019). Pengaruh Sosial Ekonomi Terhadap Pola Penurunan Pengangguran Terbuka Di Provinsi Sumatera Utara Tahun 2003-2017. NUSANTARA :Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial, 6(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.31604/jips.v6i1.2019.31-40
Stockinger, B. (2019). Broadband internet availability and establishments’ employment growth in Germany: evidence from instrumental variables estimations. Journal for Labour Market Research, 53(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12651-019-0257-0
Sukirno, S. (2004). Pengantar Teori Makroekonomi. PT Raja Grafindo Persada.
Todaro, M., & Smith, S. C. (2011). Chapter 5: Poverty, Inequality and Development. In Economic Development.
Toolkit, A. D. E. (2016). Skills and jobs in the digital economy. Broadband Policies for Latin America and the Caribbean, 269–296. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264251823-12-en
Wahab, R. A. (2019). Comparative Analysis of Broadband Internet Development for Digital Economy in China and Indonesia. Jurnal Penelitian Pos Dan Informatika, 9(1), 63. https://doi.org/10.17933/jppi.2019.090106
Whitacre, B., Gallardo, R., & Strover, S. (2014). Does rural broadband impact jobs and income? Evidence from spatial and first-differenced regressions. Annals of Regional Science, 53(3), 649–670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-014-0637-x
World Bank. (2020). World Bank Open Data. https://databank.worldbank.org/home.aspx
- Downloaded
- Viewed
- 0KCI Citations
- 0WOS Citations