The role of atypical bacterial infection in the pathogenesis of asthma is a subject of continuing debate. There is an increasing body of literature concerning the association between the atypical bacteria such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) and asthma pathogenesis. Moreover, many studies investigating such a link have been uncontrolled and have provided conflicting evidence, in part due to the difficulty in accurately diagnosing infection with these atypical pathogens. This manuscript will review the relationship between M. pneumoniae infection and asthma pathogenesis
Johnston SL, (1996) The relationship between upper respiratory infections and hospital admissions for asthma: a time-trend analysis, Am J Respir Crit Care Med
Lemanske RF Jr, (2003) Is asthma an infectious disease, Chest
Fireman P, (2003) Understanding asthma pathophysiology, Allergy Asthma Proc
Bleecker ER, (1997) Evidence for multiple genetic susceptibility loci for asthma, Am J Respir Crit Care Med
Kroegel C, (1997) Is there a place for intrinsic asthma as a distinct immunopathological entity, Eur Respir J
von HL, (2002) severity of asthma: focus on Chlamydia pneumoniae, Eur Respir J
Holgate ST, (1999) The bronchial epithelium as a key regulator of airway inflammation and remodelling in asthma, Clin Exp Allergy
Barnes PJ, (2008) Chapter 248. Asthma. In Harrison's principles of internal medicine, McGraw-Hill Co, Inc.
Vervloet LA, (2007) Infection by Mycoplasma pneumoniae and its importance as an etiological agent in childhood community-acquired pneumonias, Braz J Infect Dis
Lieberman D, (1996) Mycoplasma pneumoniae community-acquired pneumonia: a review of 101 hospitalized adult patients, Respiration
Daxboeck F, (2003) Laboratory diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, Clin Microbiol Infect
van Kuppeveld FJ, (1992) Genus- and species-specific identification of mycoplasmas by 16S rRNA amplification, Appl Environ Microbiol
Kleemola SR, (1990) Rapid diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection: clinical evaluation of a commercial probe test, J Infect Dis
Uldum SA, (1992) SØndergård-Andersen J, Lind K. Enzyme immunoassay for detection of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae, J Clin Microbiol
Sillis M, (1993) Modern methods for the diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, Rev Med Microbiol
Luneberg E, (1993) Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae by polymerase chain reaction and nonradioactive hybridization in microtiter plates, J Clin Microbiol
Guleria R, (2005) Mycoplasma pneumoniae and central nervous system complications: a review, J Lab Clin Med
Waites KB, (2004) Mycoplasma pneumoniae and its role as a human pathogen, Clin Microbiol Rev
Freymuth F, (1999) Detection of viral, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in exacerbations of asthma in children, J Clin Virol
Biscardi S, (2004) Mycoplasma pneumoniae and asthma in children, Clin Infect Dis
Esposito S, (2002) Cytokine secretion in children with acute Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and wheeze, Pediatr Pulmonol
Schwarze J, (2000) Critical roles for interleukin-4 and interleukin-5 during respiratory syncytial virus infection in the development of airway hyperresponsiveness after airway sensitization, Am J Respir Crit Care Med
Martin RJ, (2001) A link between chronic asthma and chronic infection, J Allergy Clin Immunol
Gil JC, (1993) Isolation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae from asthmatic patients, Ann Allergy
Thumerelle C, (2003) Role of viruses and atypical bacteria in exacerbations of asthma in hospitalized children: a prospective study in the Nord-Pas de Calais region (France), Pediatr Pulmonol
Seggev JS, (1986) Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a frequent cause of exacerbation of bronchial asthma in adults, Ann Allergy
Meloni F, (2004) Acute Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in community-acquired pneumonia and exacerbations of COPD or asthma: therapeutic considerations, J Chemother
Lieberman D, (2003) Atypical pathogen infection in adults with acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma, Am J Respir Crit Care Med
Kraft M, (1998) Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in the airways of adults with chronic asthma, Am J Respir Crit Care Med
Tuuminen T, (2004) Use of quantitative and objective enzyme immunoassays to investigate the possible association between Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae antibodies and asthma, Clin Microbiol Infect
Johnston SL, (2005) Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae: a role in asthma pathogenesis, Am J Respir Crit Care Med
Martin RJ, (2001) Airway inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness after Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in a murine model, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol
Hoek KL, (2002) Mycoplasma pneumoniae-induced activation and cytokine production in rodent mast cells, J Allergy Clin Immunol
Koh YY, (2001) Levels of interleukin-2, interferon-gamma, and interleukin-4 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with Mycoplasma pneumonia: implication of tendency toward increased immunoglobulin E production, Pediatrics
Yang J, (2002) Regulation of proinflammatory cytokines in human lung epithelial cells infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Infect Immun
Chu HW, (2003) Effects of respiratory Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection on allergen-induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness and lung inflammation in mice, Infect Immun
Opitz O, (1996) Cytokine gene expression in immune mice reinfected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae: the role of T cell subsets in aggravating the inflammatory response, Immunobiology
Waites KB, (2003) In vitro susceptibilities to and bactericidal activities of garenoxacin (BMS-284756) and other antimicrobial agents against human mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas, Antimicrob Agents Chemother
Clyde WA Jr, (1979) Mycoplasma pneumonaie infections of man. In The mycoplasmas II. Human and animal mycoplasmas, vol. II, Academic Press
Kenny GE, (2001) Susceptibilities of Mycoplasma hominis, M. pneumoniae, and Ureaplasma urealyticum to GAR-936, dalfopristin, dirithromycin, evernimicin, gatifloxacin, linezolid, moxifloxacin, quinupristin- dalfopristin, and telithromycin compared to their susceptibilities to reference macrolides, tetracyclines, and quinolones, Antimicrob Agents Chemother
Schonwald S, (1999) Azithromycin: single 1.5 g dose in the treatment of patients with atypical pneumonia syndrome: a randomized study, Infection
Waites KB, (2003) In vitro activities of ABT-773 and other antimicrobials against human mycoplasmas, Antimicrob Agents Chemother
Pullman J, (2003) Efficacy and tolerability of once-daily oral therapy with telithromycin compared with trovafloxacin for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in adults, Int J Clin Pract