Although influenza A (H1N1) virus leads to self-limiting illness, co-infection with bacteria may result in cases of severe respiratory failure due to inflammation and necrosis of intra-airway, as pseudomembranous tracheobronchitis. Pseudomembranous tracheobronchitis is usually developed in immunocompromised patients, but it can also occur in immunocompetent patients on a very rare basis. We report a case of pseudomembranous tracheobronchitis complicated by co-infection of inflenaza A and Staphylococcus aureus, causing acute respiratory failure in immunocompetent patients.
1. World Headth Organization. World now at the start of 2009 influenza pandemic [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009 [cited 2015 Mar 1]. Available from: http://who. int/mediacentre/news/statements/2009/h1n1_pandemic_ phase6_20090611/en/index.html.
2. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. H1N1 influenza A (H1N1) press release [Internet]. Seoul: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2009 [cited 2015 Mar 1]. Available from: http://www.cdc.go.kr/.
3. McCullers JA. (2006), Insights into the interaction between influenza virus and pneumococcus. Clin Microbiol Rev, 19,571-82.
4. Brundage JF. (2006), Interactions between influenza and bacterial respiratory pathogens: implications for pandemic preparedness. Lancet Infect Dis, 6,303-12.
5. Smith CB., Kanner RE., Golden CA., Klauber MR., Renzetti AD Jr. (1980), Effect of viral infections on pulmonary function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. J Infect Dis, 141,271-80.
6. Talwar A., Patel N., Omonuwa K., Lisker G. (2008), Postintubation obstructive pseudomembrane. J Bronchol, 15,110-2.
7. Nam KH., Hong JS., Hong MY., Lim JM., Kim MH., Jung BH. (2011), A case of pseudomembranous tracheobronchitis complicated by coinfection of 2009 pandemic influenza A/H1N1 and Staphylococcus aureus . Infect Chemother, 43,425-8.
8. Jain S., Kamimoto L., Bramley AM., Schmitz AM., Benoit SR., Louie J. (2009), Hospitalized patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza in the United States, April-June 2009. N Engl J Med, 361, 1935-44.
9. Chertow DS., Memoli MJ. (2013), Bacterial coinfection in influenza: a grand rounds review. JAMA, 309,275-82.
10. Tashiro M., Ciborowski P., Klenk HD., Pulverer G., Rott R. (1987), Role of Staphylococcus protease in the development of influenza pneumonia. Nature, 325,536-7.
11. Namba Y., Mihara N., Tanaka M. (1997), Fulminant tracheobronchitis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi, 35,969- 73.
12. Herrmann RE., Ogura GI., Johnson ES., Toll HW Jr., White WC. (1958), Respiratory deaths associated with Asian influenza epidemic: report of twenty-three cases. J Am Med Assoc, 166,467- 71.