A Review of Host and Nectar Plants of Endangered Butterflies in South Korea

Introduction

The Korean peninsula borders Russia in the northeast and China in the northwest, while facing Japan across the Strait of Korea to the southeast. It features numerous mountain ranges and exhibits a relatively high diversity of species (Shin, 2002). The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) produces the Red List, which serves as the most comprehensive global source of information on the extinction risk status of animal, fungal, and plant species, supporting the development, prioritization, and monitoring of conservation policies for threatened species worldwide (Warren et al., 2007; Mace et al., 2008; Fox et al., 2011). Red Lists of butterflies have been published in several countries (Warren et al., 2007; IUCN, 2010; van Swaay et al., 2010). In South Korea, Choi and Kim (2012) first conducted a Red List assessment of butterflies, examining the current state of endangered butterflies. The Korean government has designated a total of 10 butterfly species as endangered (n = 4 for Class I and n = 6 for Class II) and has additionally designated four butterfly species as candidate species (National Institute of Ecology, 2023).

Butterfly species are a well-studied group of insects both taxonomically and ecologically (Robbins & Opler, 1997). Butterflies are commonly used as indicators of environmental change, habitat fragmentation, habitat use change, agricultural activities, and air pollution in ecology and conservation biology (Samways, 2005; Nakamura, 2011; Kim et al., 2020). Recently, concerns have arisen about drastic changes in their distribution and abundance due to human impacts on landscapes and climate (Fox et al., 2011). In Japan, the decline in butterfly populations has been linked to various human activities, such as habitat alteration, destruction and degradation, loss of specific habitats, over-exploitation, invasive species, chemical pollution, and global warming (Nakamura, 2011). In South Korea, several factors have been suggested as potential causes of butterfly decline, including habitat loss, forest succession, rising temperatures, over-exploitation, and the loss of symbiotic ants (Choi & Kim, 2012). Butterflies, as phytophagous arthropods, depend heavily on host plant attributes, which play a crucial role in butterfly status due to their influence on insect life-history traits (Price, 2002; Hunter, 2003). Butterflies rely on host plants or other food sources during two distinct life stages. The feeding of adults and larvae influences life history traits, impacting maintenance, development, reproduction, and especially lifespan and offspring number (Vane-Wright & Ackery, 1984). Larval host plants are considered a critical resource for defining metapopulation patchworks among butterflies (Thomas & Hanski, 1997; Ehrlich & Hanski, 2004). Recently, the importance of a broader range of resources for such definitions has garnered attention (Dennis et al., 2003, 2006, 2007; Shreeve et al., 2004). Nectar is also vital for defining habitat patches for butterflies and diurnal moths (Murphy et al., 1983; Tudor et al., 2004; Binzenhofer et al., 2005). High concentrations of butterflies on nectar sources have been well-documented across various landscapes (Brakefield, 1982; Dover, 1996; Freese et al., 2006; Jantunen & Saarnio, 2005; Croxton et al., 2005). Nectar also plays a significant role in pollinating flowering plants (Wiklund et al., 1982; Faegri & van der Pijl, 1979; Proctor et al., 1996). Despite this significance of host and nectar plants for the conservation of endangered butterflies, comprehensive studies on such plants have been seldom conducted across the endangered butterfly species at a national scale in South Korea (Kim et al., 2012).

The goal of this study is to review the host and nectar plants of endangered butterflies in South Korea. We began by gathering information on the host and nectar plants of all Korean endangered butterfly species from prior studies. Subsequently, we analyzed the feeding preferences for larval host plants and adult nectar plants of each endangered butterfly species.

Endangered Butterflies in South Korea

There are 10 endangered butterfly species (n = 4 and 6 for Class I and Class II, respectively) in South Korea. Among these, four endangered species of Class I are Parnassius bremeri, Hipparchia autonoe, Aporia crataegi, and Sinia divina, while six species of endangered Class II include Protantigius superans, Cigaritis takanonis, Mellicta ambigua, Argynnis nerippe, Leptalina unicolor, and Chalinga pratti. Both classes are protected domestically by the Ministry of Environment in South Korea. Additionally, there are four candidate endangered species in South Korea, namely Phengaris kurentzovi, Phengaris teleius, Plebejus subsolanus, and Melitaea latefascia (Fig. 1).

Literature Review of Host and Nectar Plants

A total of 44 previous studies were selected as references (see references without in-text citation). We examined both larval host plants and adult nectar plants for each endangered butterfly using these references (Table 1). We were able to collect information on host and nectar plant species for each butterfly, except host plants for C. takanonis. The larvae of C. takanonis are known to utilize food provided by an ant species (Crematogaster matsumurai) or food stored in ant nests, but specific host plants remain unidentified. Moreover, we gathered information on P. kurentzovi and P. teleius which feed on eggs and larvae of ants (Myrmica sp.; Myrmica skotokui and Myrmica ruginodis, respectively) as parasitic butterflies of ants, along with their host plants.

Larval Host Plants

Each endangered butterfly species exhibited a narrow range of feeding preferences on host plant families (0–3) and species (0–14) in this study (Table 1). Both A. crataegi and M. ambigua had the highest number of host plant families (n = 3), while other species had fewer than two families. Furthermore, A. crataegi had the most species of host plants (n = 14), but other species had fewer than eight species.

In this review, 13 families and 42 species of plants were identified as utilized by 14 endangered butterflies (Table 2). Among these, the Rosaceae was the most common host plant family, supporting three butterfly species (A. crataegi, P. kurentzovi, and P. teleius). The remaining 12 families were used by one or two butterfly species. Of the 42 host plant species, three were predominantly utilized by the butterflies. Undulate speedwell (Veronica undulata), Asian plantain (Plantago asiatica), and Asian siphonostegia (Siphonostegia chinensis) supported two butterfly species (M. ambigua and M. latefascia). Additionally, Great burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis) and English walnut (Juglans regia) each supported two butterfly species (P. kurentzovi and P. teleius; A. crataegi and P. superans, respectively). The other host plant species were utilized by only one butterfly species.

Adult Nectar Plants

The endangered butterfly species exhibited a wide range of feeding preferences, consuming nectar from between two and twelve plant families and from two to twenty-one plant species (Table 1). M. ambigua utilized the maximum number of nectar plant families (n = 12), significantly more than other butterfly species which utilized fewer than eight families. Similarly, M. ambigua was found to feed on the highest number of nectar plant species (n = 21), followed by A. nerippe (n = 16) and M. latefascia (n = 11), with other species feeding on fewer than eight species.

This review found that 21 families and 61 species of nectar plants are used by 14 endangered butterfly species (Table 2). Of these families, Asteraceae is most frequently utilized by butterfly species (n = 13), followed by Fabaceae (n = 10), Rosaceae (n = 7), Primulaceae (n = 5), Lamiaceae (n = 4), Valerianaceae (n = 4), Hydrangeaceae (n = 4), Scrophulariaceae (n = 3), Dipsacaceae (n = 3), Crassulaceae (n = 2), Brassicaceae (n = 2), with other plants being used less frequently (n = 1). Among the 61 species of nectar plants, Ussuri thistle (Cirsium japonicum) was the most commonly used (n = 10), followed by White-top (Erigeron annuus; n = 8), White dutch clover (Trifolium repens; n = 6), Gooseneck loosestrife (Lysimachia clethroides; n = 5), Common breea (Breea segeta; n = 4), Lilac self-heal (Prunella vulgaris; n = 3), and Northeastern scabious (Scabiosa comosa; n = 3). The remaining nectar plants were utilized by one or two butterfly species.

Conclusions and Recommendations

For host plants, given the host specificity exhibited by many butterfly species, it is essential to incorporate these ecological characteristics thoroughly when planning restoration programs for specific butterfly species, especially those that depend on one or two host plants for larval survival and development (e.g., P. bremeri feeds on one host species). For nectar plants, considering that nectar consists of glucose, fructose, and sucrose, which are crucial for the survival and reproduction of adult butterflies, the selection of nectar plants should reflect the utilization behavior of numerous butterfly species in the planning of restoration programs, particularly for species that favor a limited variety of nectar plants (e.g., C. pratti feeds on two nectar species). Additionally, the simultaneous consideration of both host and nectar plants is vital to achieve a successful outcome in restoration programs for endangered butterfly species. This review represents the first comprehensive summary of the host and nectar plants of all endangered butterflies in South Korea. The information provided on the host and nectar plants of these species will be invaluable and can be leveraged to effectively establish future restoration plans for endangered butterflies.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Institute of Ecology, funded by the Ministry of Environment (MOE) of the Republic of Korea (No. NIE-B-2024-18). We are grateful to the two peer reviewers for their critical comments on this review paper.

Author Contributions

The authors confirm their contributions to the paper as follows: Munki Paek conducted the study conception and design, analyzed and interpreted results, and prepared the draft manuscript (in Korean); Youngho Cho assisted in study conception and design and confirmed the scientific names of butterflies; Ji Yeong Kim translated references (in English) and edited the manuscript; Dukyeop Kim confirmed scientific names and translated the common names of plants (in English); Baek-Jun Kim analyzed and interpreted results, edited the manuscript, prepared the draft manuscript (in English), and handled correspondence.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no competing interests relevant to this study to disclose.

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Figures and Tables

Fig. 1.

Butterfly species designated as endangered and domestically protected in South Korea.

Table 1

Host and nectar plants of endangered butterfly species (n = 14) in South Korea

Butterfly species	Host plant		Nectar plant

	Family	Species	Family	Species
Parnassius bremeri	Crassulaceae	Phedimus aizoon	Crassulaceae	Phedimus aizoon
			Asteraceae	Cirsium japonicum
			Valerianaceae	Valeriana coreana
			Fabaceae	Robinia pseudoacacia
			Rosaceae	Rubus idaeus
			˝	Rubus crataegifolius
Hipparchia autonoe	Poaceae	Festuca ovina	Asteraceae	Senecio nemorensis
	˝	Elymus tsukushiensis	˝	Cirsium japonicum
	Cyperaceae	Carex erythrobasis	Lamiaceae	Prunella vulgaris
	˝	Carex humilis	˝	Thymus quinquecostatus
			˝	Clinopodium micranthum
			Dipsacaceae	Scabiosa comosa
			Scrophulariaceae	Pedicularis resupinata
			˝	Pedicularis hallaisanensis
Aporia crataegi	Rosaceae	Prunus serrulata	Asteraceae	Cirsium japonicum
	˝	Malus pumila	˝	Breea segeta
	˝	Pyrus pyrifolia	Fabaceae	Trifolium repens
	˝	Chaenomeles speciosa	˝	Vicia amoena
	˝	Malus micromalus	Caryophyllaceae	Dianthus chinensis
	˝	Sorbus commixta
	˝	Rosa rugosa
	˝	Prunus armeniaca
	˝	Prunus mandshurica
	˝	Malus mandshurica
	˝	Prunus sibirica
	˝	Crataegus pinnatifida
	Juglandaceae	Juglans regia
	Betulaceae	Betula pendula
Sinia divina	Fabaceae	Sophora flavescens	Asteraceae	Cirsium japonicum
			˝	Erigeron annuus
			˝	Breea segeta
			Fabaceae	Sophora flavescens
			˝	Trifolium repens
			Lamiaceae	Prunella vulgaris
			Rosaceae	Rubus sp.
Protantigius superans	Salicaceae	Populus davidiana	Primulaceae	Lysimachia clethroides
	Juglandaceae	Juglans regia	˝	Lysimachia barystachys
	˝	Juglans mandshurica	Fabaceae	Pisum sativum
Cigaritis takanonis			Asteraceae	Erigeron annuus
			Primulaceae	Lysimachia clethroides
			Fagaceae	Castanea crenata
Melitaea ambigua	Scrophulariaceae	Siphonostegia chinensis	Fabaceae	Trifolium repens
	˝	Veronica undulata	Brassicaceae	Arabis hirsuta
	˝	Veronicastrum sibiricum	˝	Berteroella maximowiczii
	˝	Melampyrum roseum	˝	Cardamine leucantha
	Asteraceae	Artemisia japonica	˝	Barbarea orthoceras
	Plantaginaceae	Plantago asiatica	˝	Brassica sativus
			˝	Brassica rapa
			Onagraceae	Oenothera biennis
			Asteraceae	Erigeron annuus
			˝	Crepidiastrum sonchifolium
			˝	Cirsium japonicum
			˝	Carduus crispus
			Valerianaceae	Valeriana fauriei
			Rosaceae	Spiraea salicifolia
			˝	Rubus idaeus
			Boraginaceae	Trigonotis peduncularis
			Scrophulariaceae	Veronicastrum sibiricum
			Primulaceae	Lysimachia clethroides
			Staphyleaceae	Staphylea bumalda
			Aceraceae	Acer tataricum
			Hydrangeaceae	Philadelphus schrenkii
Argynnis nerippe	Violaceae	Viola sp.	Fabaceae	Lespedeza cyrtobotrya
			Asteraceae	Cirsium japonicum
			˝	Erigeron annuus
			˝	Cosmos bipinnatus
			˝	Senecio nemorensis
			˝	Cirsium pendulum
			˝	Inula japonica
			˝	Coreopsis basalis
			˝	Zinnia elegans
			˝	Breea segeta
			Primulaceae	Lysimachia clethroides
			Lamiaceae	Scabiosa comosa
			Rosaceae	Sorbaria sorbifolia
			Valerianaceae	Patrinia serratulifolia
			Lamiaceae	Prunella vulgaris
			Geraniaceae	Geranium koreanum
Leptalina unicolor	Poaceae	Spodipogon cotulifer	Fabaceae	Trifolium repens
	˝	Spodipogon sibiricus	Hydrangeaceae	Deutzia uniflora
	˝	Miscanthus sinensis	Asteraceae	Erigeron annuus
	˝	Imperata cylindrica	Liliaceae	Lilium sp.
	˝	Setaria viridis	Valerianaceae	Valeriana dageletiana
	˝	Miscanthus sinensis
	˝	Phragmites australis
Chalinga pratti	Pinaceae	Pinus koraiensis	Asteraceae	Erigeron annuus
			Apiaceae	Heracleum moellendorffii
Phengaris kurentzovi	Rosaceae	Sanguisorba officinalis	Rosaceae	Sanguisorba officinalis
			Lamiaceae	Scabiosa comosa
			Asteraceae	Cirsium japonicum
Phengaris teleius	Rosaceae	Sanguisorba officinalis	Rosaceae	Sanguisorba officinalis
	˝	Sanguisorba tenuifolia	˝	Spiraea salicifolia
	˝	Sanguisorba hakusanensis	Asteraceae	Cirsium japonicum
			Fabaceae	Lespedeza bicolor
			Lythraceae	Lythrum salicaria
			Lamiaceae	Clinopodium chinense
Plebejus subsolanus	Fabaceae	Vicia unijuga	Crassulaceae	Phedimus aizoon
	˝	Vicia amoena	Asteraceae	Erigeron annuus
			˝	Cirsium japonicum
			Fabaceae	Vicia amoena
			˝	Trifolium repens
			Scrophulariaceae	Pseudolysimachion linariifolium
			Hydrangeaceae	Deutzia parviflora
Melitaea latefascia	Scrophulariaceae	Siphonostegia chinensis	Asteraceae	Erigeron annuus
	˝	Veronica undulata	˝	Cirsium japonicum
	Plantaginaceae	Plantago asiatica	˝	Breea segeta
			Fabaceae	Trifolium repens
			˝	Lespedeza bicolor
			˝	Astragalus sinicus
			Primulaceae	Lysimachia clethroides
			Brassicaceae	Arabis hirsuta
			Rosaceae	Rubus crataegifolius
			˝	Potentilla fragarioides
			Hydrangeaceae	Philadelphus tenuifolius

Table 2

Butterfly species using host and nectar plants as food sources

Host plant				Nectar plant

Plant family	Butterfly species	Plant species	Butterfly species	Plant family	Butterfly species	Plant species	Butterfly species
Juglandaceae	Protantigius superans	Sanguisorba tenuifolia	Phengaris teleius	Staphyleaceae	Melitaea ambigua	Vicia unijuga	Plebejus subsolanus
˝	Aporia crataegi	Carex humilis	Hipparchia autonoe	Asteraceae	Phengaris teleius	˝	Aporia crataegi
Asteraceae	Melitaea ambigua	Juglans mandshurica	Protantigius superans	˝	Melitaea latefascia	Erigeron annuus	Melitaea latefascia
Crassulaceae	Parnassius bremeri	Phragmites australis	Leptalina unicolor	˝	Phengaris kurentzovi	˝	Plebejus subsolanus
Salicaceae	Protantigius superans	Vicia unijuga	Plebejus subsolanus	˝	Parnassius bremeri	˝	Cigaritis takanonis
Poaceae	Hipparchia autonoe	Setaria viridis	Leptalina unicolor	˝	Hipparchia autonoe	˝	Melitaea ambigua
˝	Leptalina unicolor	Elymus tsukushiensis	Hipparchia autonoe	˝	Plebejus subsolanus	˝	Argynnis nerippe
Cyperaceae	Hipparchia autonoe	Prunus armeniaca	Aporia crataegi	˝	Aporia crataegi	˝	Leptalina unicolor
Pinaceae	Chalinga pratti	Malus micromalus	Aporia crataegi	˝	Cigaritis takanonis	˝	Sinia divina
Betulaceae	Aporia crataegi	Sophora flavescens	Sinia divina	˝	Melitaea ambigua	˝	Chalinga pratti
Rosaceae	Phengaris teleius	Spodipogon cotulifer	Leptalina unicolor	˝	Argynnis nerippe	Philadelphus schrenkii	Melitaea ambigua
˝	Phengaris kurentzovi	Phedimus aizoon	Parnassius bremeri	˝	Leptalina unicolor	Crepidiastrum sonchifolium	Melitaea ambigua
˝	Aporia crataegi	Festuca ovina	Hipparchia autonoe	˝	Sinia divina	Sophora flavescens	Sinia divina
Violaceae	Argynnis nerippe	Vicia unijuga	Plebejus subsolanus	˝	Chalinga pratti	Staphylea bumalda	Melitaea ambigua
Plantaginaceae	Melitaea latefascia	Veronicastrum sibiricum	Melitaea ambigua	Lamiaceae	Phengaris teleius	Coreopsis basalis	Argynnis nerippe
˝	Melitaea ambigua	Imperata cylindrica	Leptalina unicolor	˝	Hipparchia autonoe	Senecio nemorensis	Hipparchia autonoe
Fabaceae	Plebejus subsolanus	Sorbus commixta	Aporia crataegi	˝	Argynnis nerippe	˝	Argynnis nerippe
˝	Sinia divina	Chaenomeles speciosa	Aporia crataegi	˝	Sinia divina	Inula japonica	Argynnis nerippe
Scrophulariaceae	Melitaea latefascia	Veronica undulata	Melitaea latefascia	Aceraceae	Melitaea ambigua	Phedimus aizoon	Parnassius bremeri
˝	Melitaea ambigua	˝	Melitaea ambigua	Crassulaceae	Parnassius bremeri	˝	Plebejus subsolanus
		Pyrus pyrifolia	Aporia crataegi	˝	Plebejus subsolanus	Lysimachia barystachys	Protantigius superans
		Prunus serrulata	Aporia crataegi	Valerianaceae	Parnassius bremeri	Spiraea salicifolia	Phengaris teleius
		Malus pumila	Aporia crataegi	˝	Melitaea ambigua	˝	Melitaea ambigua
		Populus davidiana	Protantigius superans	˝	Argynnis nerippe	Pseudolysimachion linariifolium	Plebejus subsolanus
		Crataegus pinnatifida	Aporia crataegi	˝	Leptalina unicolor	Trigonotis peduncularis	Melitaea ambigua
		Sanguisorba hakusanensis	Phengaris teleius	Apiaceae	Chalinga pratti	Prunella vulgaris	Hipparchia autonoe
		Prunus armeniaca	Aporia crataegi	Onagraceae	Melitaea ambigua	˝	Argynnis nerippe
		Melampyrum roseum	Melitaea ambigua	Liliaceae	Leptalina unicolor	˝	Sinia divina
		Prunus sibirica	Aporia crataegi	Lythraceae	Phengaris teleius	Barbarea orthoceras	Melitaea ambigua
		Miscanthus sinensis	Leptalina unicolor	Dipsacaceae	Phengaris kurentzovi	Lilium sp.	Leptalina unicolor
		Sanguisorba officinalis	Phengaris teleius	˝	Hipparchia autonoe	Rubus idaeus	Parnassius bremeri
		˝	Phengaris kurentzovi	˝	Argynnis nerippe	˝	Melitaea ambigua
		Betula pendula	Aporia crataegi	Caryophyllaceae	Aporia crataegi	Veronicastrum sibiricum	Melitaea ambigua
		Pinus koraiensis	Chalinga pratti	Hydrangeaceae	Melitaea latefascia	Valeriana dageletiana	Leptalina unicolor
		Siphonostegia chinensis	Melitaea latefascia	˝	Plebejus subsolanus	Oenothera biennis	Melitaea ambigua
		˝	Melitaea ambigua	˝	Melitaea ambigua	Clinopodium micranthum	Hipparchia autonoe
		Viola sp.	Argynnis nerippe	˝	Leptalina unicolor	Geranium koreanum	Argynnis nerippe
		Artemisia japonica	Melitaea ambigua	Brassicaceae	Melitaea latefascia	Rubus sp.	Sinia divina
		Plantago asiatica	Melitaea latefascia	˝	Melitaea ambigua	Patrinia serratulifolia	Argynnis nerippe
		˝	Melitaea ambigua	Primulaceae	Protantigius superans	Deutzia parviflora	Plebejus subsolanus
		Miscanthus sinensis	Leptalina unicolor	˝	Melitaea latefascia	Deutzia uniflora	Leptalina unicolor
		Spodipogon sibiricus	Leptalina unicolor	˝	Cigaritis takanonis	Brassica sativus	Melitaea ambigua
		Malus mandshurica	Aporia crataegi	˝	Melitaea ambigua	Cardamine leucantha	Melitaea ambigua
		Carex erythrobasis	Hipparchia autonoe	˝	Argynnis nerippe	Castanea crenata	Cigaritis takanonis
		Rosa rugosa	Aporia crataegi	Rosaceae	Phengaris teleius	Brassica rapa	Melitaea ambigua
		Juglans regia	Protantigius superans	˝	Melitaea latefascia	Thymus quinquecostatus	Hipparchia autonoe
		˝	Aporia crataegi	˝	Phengaris kurentzovi	Zinnia elegans	Argynnis nerippe
				˝	Parnassius bremeri	Lythrum salicaria	Phengaris teleius
				˝	Melitaea ambigua	Rubus crataegifolius	Melitaea latefascia
				˝	Argynnis nerippe	˝	Parnassius bremeri
				˝	Sinia divina	Scabiosa comosa	Phengaris kurentzovi
				Geraniaceae	Argynnis nerippe	˝	Hipparchia autonoe
				Boraginaceae	Melitaea ambigua	˝	Argynnis nerippe
				Fagaceae	Cigaritis takanonis	Pedicularis resupinata	Hipparchia autonoe
				Fabaceae	Phengaris teleius	Sorbaria sorbifolia	Argynnis nerippe
				˝	Protantigius superans	Acer tataricum	Melitaea ambigua
				˝	Melitaea latefascia	Lespedeza bicolor	Phengaris teleius
				˝	Parnassius bremeri	˝	Melitaea latefascia
				˝	Plebejus subsolanus	Robinia pseudoacacia	Parnassius bremeri
				˝	Aporia crataegi	Philadelphus tenuifolius	Melitaea latefascia
				˝	Melitaea ambigua	Potentilla fragarioides	Melitaea latefascia
				˝	Argynnis nerippe	Heracleum moellendorffii	Chalinga pratti
				˝	Leptalina unicolor	Cirsium japonicum	Phengaris teleius
				˝	Sinia divina	˝	Melitaea latefascia
				Scrophulariaceae	Hipparchia autonoe	˝	Phengaris kurentzovi
				˝	Plebejus subsolanus	˝	Parnassius bremeri
				˝	Melitaea ambigua	˝	Hipparchia autonoe
						˝	Plebejus subsolanus
						˝	Aporia crataegi
						˝	Melitaea ambigua
						˝	Argynnis nerippe
						˝	Sinia divina
						Sanguisorba officinalis	Phengaris teleius
						˝	Phengaris kurentzovi
						Pisum sativum	Protantigius superans
						Astragalus sinicus	Melitaea latefascia
						Berteroella maximowiczii	Melitaea ambigua
						Breea segeta	Melitaea latefascia
						˝	Aporia crataegi
						˝	Argynnis nerippe
						˝	Sinia divina
						Valeriana fauriei	Parnassius bremeri
						˝	Melitaea ambigua
						Carduus crispus	Melitaea ambigua
						Lespedeza cyrtobotrya	Argynnis nerippe
						Clinopodium chinense	Phengaris teleius
						Cosmos bipinnatus	Argynnis nerippe
						Lysimachia clethroides	Protantigius superans
						˝	Melitaea latefascia
						˝	Cigaritis takanonis
						˝	Melitaea ambigua
						˝	Argynnis nerippe
						Cirsium pendulum	Argynnis nerippe
						Arabis hirsuta	Melitaea latefascia
						˝	Melitaea ambigua
						Trifolium repens	Melitaea latefascia
						˝	Plebejus subsolanus
						˝	Aporia crataegi
						˝	Melitaea ambigua
						˝	Leptalina unicolor
						˝	Sinia divina
						Dianthus chinensis	Aporia crataegi
						Pedicularis hallaisanensis	Hipparchia autonoe