바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

logo

메뉴

Bilingualism and Bruneian Identity

Abstract

This paper discusses how the concept of “bilingualism” can be used to reflect changes within Bruneian society since the 1940’s. It argues that within the context of a linguistically diverse population, the various indigenous groups of Brunei used to speak their own traditional languages, but eventually learned to speak the language of the politically dominant Malays. The Malay language became a necessary additional language, hence leading to a population which could speak their own languages, alongside the Malay language. But the rise of schools teaching in English in the 1970’s began to sow seeds of a different kind of bilingualism, encouraged by language shift processes among ethnic minority groups.

keywords
Brunei, bilingualism, education, diversity, education

Reference

1.

Aitchison, Jean. 1981. Language change: Progress or decay. London: Montana Paperbacks.

2.

Anderson, Benedict. 2006. Imagined communities. London: Verso.

3.

Beer, William & James Jacob. 1985. Language policy and language unity. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowan & Allenheld Publishers.

4.

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1994. Rethinking the State: Genesis and Structure of the Bureaucratic Field. Sociological Theory, 12(1): 1-18.

5.

Braighlinn, Geoffrey. 1992. Ideological innovation under monarchy: aspects of legitimation activity in contemporary Brunei. Amsterdam: VU Press.

6.

Clynes, Adrian. 2005. Belait. The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. Alexander Adelaar and Nicholar P. Himmelman, eds. 429-453. London: Routledge.

7.

Day, Richard R. 1985. The ultimate inequality: Linguistic genocide. Language of inequality. Nessa Wolfson and Joan Manes, eds. 163-193. Berlin: Mouton.

8.

Fasold, Ralph. W. 1984. The sociolinguistics of society. Oxford: Blackwell.

9.

Fill, Alwin. 2001. Ecolinguistics: State of the art. The ecolinguistics reader. Alwin Fill and Peter Mulhaussler, eds. 296-311. New York: Continuum.

10.

Fishman, J. A. 1977. Language and ethnicity. Language, ethnicity and intergroup relations. Howard Giles, ed. 15-57. London: Academic Press.

11.

Fishman, J. A. 1991. Reversing language shift. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

12.

Gal, Susan. 1979. Language Shift: Social Determinants of Linguistic Change in Bilingual Austria. London: Academic Press.

13.

Government of Brunei. 1939. Annual Report on the State of Brunei for 1939 (by G. J. Black). Singapore: Government of Brunei.

14.

Government of Brunei. 1959. Brunei Constitution 1959, Article 82(1). Brunei: Government of Brunei.

15.

Gunn, Geoffrey C. 1996. Language, ideology and power. Ohio: Ohio University Press.

16.

Hamers, Josiane F. and Michel H. Blanc. 1989. Bilinguality and Bilingualism. London: CUP.

17.

Haugen, Einar. 1972. The ecology of language: Essays by Einar Haugen. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

18.

Jones, Gary M. 1994. A study of bilingualism and implications for language policy planning in Negara Brunei Darussalam. PhD Thesis. The University College of Wales Abersytwyth.

19.

Kershaw, Eva M. 1994. Final shifts: Some why’s and how’s of Brunei Dusun convergence on Malay. Shifting Patterns of Language Use in Borneo. Peter W. Martin, ed. 179-194. Williamsburg, VA: Borneo Research Council.

20.

Lieberson, Stanley. 1982. Forces affecting language spread: Some basic propositions. Language Spread: Studies in Diffusion and Social Change. Robert Cooper, ed. 37-62. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.

21.

Lieberson, Stanley. 1984. What’s in a name?... Some sociolinguistic possibilities. International Journal of Sociology of Language, 45: 77-87.

22.

Martin, Peter W. 1992. A review of linguistic research in Brunei Darussalam. Sumbangsih UBD: Essays on Negara Brunei Darussalam, Dato Haji Abu Bakar, ed. 106-117. Brunei: Akademi Pengajian Brunei.

23.

Martin, Peter W. 1996a. A comparative ethnolinguistic survey of the Murut (Lun Bawang) with special reference to Brunei. Language use and language change in Brunei Darussalam, Peter W. Martin, Conrad Ozog and Gloria Poedjosoedarmo, eds. 268-279. Athens: Ohio University Press.

24.

Martin, Peter W. 1996b. Sociohistorical Determinants of Language Shift among the Belait Community in the Sultanate of Brunei. Anthropos, 91: 199-207.

25.

Maxwell, Allen R. 1980. Urang Darat: An Ethnographic Study of the Kedayan of Labu Valley, Brunei. PhD Thesis. Yale University.

26.

Noor Azam, Haji-Othman. 2005. Changes in the linguistic diversity of Negara Brunei Darussalam: An ecological perspective. PhD Thesis. University of Leicester.

27.

Noor Azam, Haji-Othman. 2007. Evolution of Multilingualism in Brunei. Paper presented at SETALING II, Brunei, 24-25 January 2007.

28.

Noor Azam, Haji-Othman. 2012. It's not always English. English Language as Hydra: Its Impacts on Non-English Language Cultures. Vaugh Rapatahana & Pauline Bunce, eds. 175-190. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.

29.

Poedjosoedarmo, Gloria. 1996. Variation and change in the sound systems of Brunei dialects of Malay. Language use and language change in Brunei Darussalam, Peter W. Martin, Conrad Ozog and Gloria Poedjosoedarmo, eds. 37-42. Athens: Ohio University Press

30.

Romaine, Suzanne. 1994. Language in society. Oxford: OUP

31.

Royal Brunei Airlines. 2006. Muhibbah. December 2006. Brunei: RBA.

32.

Sebba, Mark. 2011. Societal bilingualism. The Sage Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Ruth Wodak, Barbara Johnstone & Paul W. Kerswill, eds. Online version: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446200957. (Accessed December 1, 2016).

33.

Sercombe, P. G. 2002. Language Maintenance and Shift: A Review of Theoretical and Regional Issues with Special Reference to Borneo. Methodological and Analytical Issues in Language Maintenance and Shift Studies. Maya K. David, ed. 1-19. Berlin: Peter Lang.

34.

Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. 2000. Linguistic genocide in education - or worldwide diversity and human rights? Mahwah, NJ & London, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates

35.

Weinreich, Uriel. 1968. Languages in contact: Findings and problems. The Hague: Mouton.

36.

Wodak, Ruth. 2009. The discursive construction of national identity. Edinburgh: EUP.

37.

World Bank. 2015. Population data. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL. (Accessed November 29, 2016).

logo