This paper surveys the development of Asian universities and their path towards the American entrepreneurial type. The paper suggests Asian universities used internationalization and entrepreneurial missions to follow older American entrepreneurial universities with success towards world-class university status. Current studies are lacking on covering the significance of internationalization at Asian entrepreneurial universities and offer few typologies on the diverse Asian transformations of the past approximate thirty years. Thus, paper proposes a theoretical framework linking internationalization with innovation and classifies into 3 types, the various Asian entrepreneurial university transformations from an international comparative perspective. It then examines the type using case studies.
Altbach, P. and Postiglione, G. (2012) Hong Kong's academic advantage, Inter-national Higher Education, 66, 22-27.
Altbach, P. and Salmi, J. (2011) The Road to Academic Excellence, World Bank (Ed.), Washington DC: The World Bank.
Chen, X.Z., and Li., Z.Y. (2007) Strategies control in Chinese research universities: current state, problems and their causes, Tsinghua Journal of Education, 28(2), 44-50.
Chesbrough, H. (2003) Open innovation - The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology, Harvard Business School.
Chesbrough, H. (2007) Open innovation and strategy, California Management Review, 50(1).
Clark, B. (1998) Creating Entrepreneurial Universities: Organizational pathways of Transformation, Oxford: International Association of University Press and Pergamon.
Etzkowitz, H. (2003) Research groups as -quasi-firms- the invention of the entre-preneurial university, Research Policy, 32, 109-121.
Etzkowitz, H., and Leydesdorff, L. (2000) The dynamics of innovation: from national systems and “Type 2” to a triple helix of university–industry–government relations, Research Policy, 29(2), 313-330.
Etzkowtiz, H. et al. (2000) The future of the university and the university of the future: evolution of ivory tower to entreprenurial paradigm, Research Policy, 29(2), 313-330.
Fagerberg, J., Mowery, D., and Nelson, R (2005) The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, New York: Oxford University Press.
Freeman, C. (1987) Technology Policy and Economic Performance: Lessons from Japan, London: Frances Printer Publishers.
Gibbons, M. (2000) Type 2 society and the emergency of context-sensitive science, Science and Public Science, 27(3), 159-163.
Guerrero, M., and Urbano, D. (2010) The development of an entrepreneurial university, The Journal of Technology Transfer.
Harvard University (2008) Institutional Research & Faculty Development and Diversity, Faculty Climate Survey, Cambridge, MA 02138.
Hu, M. and Matthews, J. (2008) China's national innovative capcity, Research Policy, 37(9), 1465-1479, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.07.003.
Jung, S. (2009) Building world-class research university: the Brain Korea 21 project, Higher Education, 58, 669-688, doi: 10.1007/s10734-009-9219-8.
Kafouros, M., Buckley, P., Sharp, J. and Wang, C. (2008) The role of internationali-zation in explaining innovation performance, Technovation, 28(1-2), 63-74.
Kim, T. (2005) Internationalisation of higher education in South Korea: reality, rhetoric, and disparity in academic culture and identities, Australian Journal of Education, 49(1).
Liu, N. (2007) Research University in China: Differentiation, Classification, and Future of World-Class Status, Altbach G.P. and Balan, J. (eds.), World-Class Worldwide-Transforming Research Universities in Asia and Latin America: John Hopkins University Press.
Lowen, R. (1997) Creating the Cold War University: The Transformation of Stanford, University of California Press.
Lundvall, B. (ed.) (2002) National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning, Printer Publishers.
Minstry of Education, Science and Technology, Higher Education, http://english.mest. go.kr/web/1710/en/board/enlist.do.
Mohrman, K., Ma, W. and Baker, D. (2008) The research university in transition: the emerging global type, Higher Education Policy, 21(1), 5-27. doi: 10.1057/palgrave. hep.8300175.
Mok, H. (2006) Questing for internationlization of universities in East Asia: critical reflections, Journal of Studies in International Education, 11(3-4), 433-454.
Mowery D. and Sampat, B. (2005) Universities in National Innovation Systems, Oxford University Press.
Mukherjee H. and Wong P. (2011) The National University of Singapore and the University of Malaya: Common Roots and Different Paths, Altback P. and Salmi, J. (eds.), The Roadto Academic Excellence In World Bank (ed.), Washington DC, 129-166.
Nelson, R.R. (ed.) (1993) National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis, Oxford University Press.
Nelson, R.R. (2001) Obervations on the post-Bayh-Dole rise of patenting at American universities, The Journal of Technology Transfer, 26(1-2), 13-19.
Ngok K. and Guo W. (2008) The quest for world class universities in China: critical reflections, Policy Futures in Education, 6(5), 545-557. doi: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.2304/pfie.2008.6.5.545.
OECD (2011) Education at a Glance 2011: OECD Publishing, OECD Indicators, 1-497.
Olds, K. (2007) Global assemblage: Singapore, foreign universities, and the construction of a "Global Education Hub", World Development, 35(6), 959-975.
Perkmann, M. and Walsh, K. (2007) University-industry relationships and open innovation: towards a research agenda, International Journal of Management Reviews, 9(4).
Pohang University of Science and Technology, (2012) Vision 2020, http://www. postech.ac.kr.
Postiglione G. (2011) The Rise of Research Universities: The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Altback P. and Salmi J. (eds.), The Road to Academic Excellence In World Bank (Ed.), Washington DC, 63-100.
Ramakrishna, S. (2012) Is Asia a choice for careers in innovation?, Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy, 1(2), 133-146, doi: 10.7545/ajip.2012.12.133.
Ramakrishna, S. (2012) Building a world-class university system: Singapore's experience and practices, Journal of International Higher Education, 5(2), 81-82.
Reddy, P. (2011) The Evolving Role of Universities in Economic Development: The Case of University-Industry Linkages In Claes Brundenius, Springer, New York, Goransson, B. (ed.), Universities in Transition, 25 - 49.
Rhee B. (2011) A World-Class Research University on the Periphery: The Pohang University of Science and Technology, the Republic of Korea, Altback P. and Salmi J. (eds.), The Road to Academic Excellence In World Bank (ed.), Washington DC, 101 - 126.
Salami, J. (2009) The Challenge of Establishing World-Class University, Washington D.C: World Bank.
Seol, S. (2012) A type of university reform: the Brain Korea 21 program, Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy, 1(1), 31-49, doi: 10.7545/ajip.2012.1.1.001.
Seoul National University (2012) SNU Facts, http://www.useoul.edu.
Slaughter, S. and Leslie, L.L (1997) Academic Capitalism: Politics, Policies and the Entreprenurial Universities, London: John Hopkins University.
Sohn, D. and Kenney, M. (2007) Universities, clusters and innovation systems: the case of Seoul, Korea, World Development, 35(6), 991-1004, doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev. 2006.05.008.
Song G. (2009) Korean Initiatives Promotiong World-Class Universities and the Performance of Seoul National University, Sadlack, J. and Cai, L. (eds), The World-Class University as Part of a New Higher Education Paradigm: From Institutional Qualities to Systemic Excellence, UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education, 325-338.
Sporn, B. (2001) Building adaptive universities: emerging organisational forms based on experiences of European and US universities, Tertiary Education and Management, 7(2), 121-134.
The Korea Times (2012) Nobel laureate to teach at SNU, 28 May.
The University of Hong Kong, Technology Transfer Office Facts and Figures, http://www.hku.hk.
Thorp, H. and Goldstein, B. (2010) Engines of Innovation, Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.
Thursby, J.G. and Thursby, M.C. (2004) Are faculty critical? Their role in university-industry licensing, Contemporary Economic Policy, 22(2), 162-178.
Peking University, (2013) About PKU, Academics and Research, http://english. pku. edu.cn/.
Yang, R. and Welch, A. (2012) A World-class university in China? The Case of Tsinghua, Higher Education, 63(5), 645-666.
Yokoyama, Keiko (2006) Entrepreneurialism in Japanese and UK universities: governance, management, leadership, and funding, Higher Education, 52(3), 523-555, doi: 10.1007/s10734-005-1168-2.