This paper investigates the two academic revolutions of the Korean higher education system. Since economic catch-up began in the 1960s, Korea has strongly encouraged the activities of its higher education system to serve industrial development as it has progressed through various developmental stages. At the ‘strong regulation’ stage, universities focused on the provision of technicians. As the need for higher education grew, the ‘massive expansion’ stage emerged. Finally, most recently, university research and its direct contribution to the economy have been invigorated by strong governmental support. Possibly, this is due to the fact that the Korean government has strongly controlled not only industry but also academia. As long as other East Asian universities have similar conditions to those of the development of Korean universities, we can generalise this model not only to universities in other East Asian countries, but also to universities in other rapid catch-up countries.
Akrawi, M. (1969) The university and government in the Middle East, In Claire, N. and Zalman, A.B. (eds.), Science and Technology in Developing Countries, London: Cambridge University Press, 335-366.
Albuquerque, E.M. (2001) Scientific infrastructure and catching-up process: notes about a relationship illustrated by science and technology statistics, Revista Brasileira de Economia, 55(4), 545-566.
Altbach, P.G. (1989) Higher education and scientific development: the promise of newly industrializing countries, 3-29, In Altbach, et al. (ed.), Scientific Development and Higher Education, New York: Praeger.
Altbach, P.G. (1991) The university as center and periphery, Teachers College Record, 82(4), 601-621
Altbach, P.G. (1998) Comparative Higher Education, Greenwich, Albex Publishing Corporation.
Altbach, P.G. (2004) The past and future of Asian universities: twenty-first century challenges, In Altbach, P.G. and Umakoshi, T. (eds.), Asian Universities: Historical Perspective and Contemporary Challenges, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Amsden, A.H. (1989) Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization, New York: Oxford University Press.
Anprotec (2007) Anprotec 20anos: Aventura Do Possoível. Brasília, Associação Nacional de Entidades Promotoras de Empreendimentos Inovadores (ANPROTEC).
Ben-David, J. (1984) The Scientist’s Role in Society: A Comparative Study, University of Chicago Press.
Bernasconi, A. (2008) Is there a Latin American model of university? Comparative Education Review, 52(1), 27-52.
Bryant, J.H. (1969) The gap between biomedical technology and health needs in developing countries, In Claire, N. and Zalman, A.B. (eds.), Science and Technology in Developing Countries, London: Cambridge University Press, 1-29.
Chapman, D.W. and Austin, A.E. (2002) Changing context of higher education in the developing world, In Chapman, D.W. and Austin, A.E. (eds.), Higher Education in the Developing World, Center for International Higher Education and the Program in Higher Education, Boston College.
Charle, C. and Verger, J. (1989) Histoire des Universities, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Cho, H., Lee, E., Lee, C. and Kim, S. (2002) Review of S&T Human Resource Policies in Korea, STEPI (Science and Technology Institute).
Crane, D. (1977) Technological innovation in developing countries: a review of the literature, Research Policy, 6(4), 374-395.
Dagnino, R. and Velho, L. (1998) University-industry-government relations on the periphery: the university of campinas, Brazil, Minerva, 36(3), 229-251.
Etzkowitz, H. et al. (2000) The future of the university and the university of the future: evolution of ivory tower to entrepreneurial paradigm, Research Policy, 29(2), 313-330.
Etzkowitz, H., De Mello, J. and Almeida, M. (2005) Towards “meta-innovation” in Brazil: the evolution of the incubator and the emergence of a triple helix, Research Policy, 34(4), 411-424.
Geuna, A. (1999) The Economics of Knowledge Production: Funding and the Structure of University Research, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Goontatilake, S. (1984) Aborted Discovery: Science and Creativity in the Third World, London: Zed Books.
Guston, D. and Keniston, K. (1994) The Fragile Contract: University Science and the Federal Government, Cambridge, MIT Press.
Hershberg, E., Nabeshima, K. and Yusuf, S. (2007) Opening the ivory tower to business: university-industry linkages and the development of knowledge-intensive clusters in Asian cities, World Development, 35(6), 931-940.
Hobday, M. (1993) Innovation in East Asia: diversity and development, Technovation, 15(2), 55-63.
Intarakumnerd, P. et al. (2002) National innovation system in less successful developing countries: the case of Thailand, Research Policy, 31(8-9), 1445-1457.
Kim, H. (2000) Efforts of Establishment of the University Under the Japanese Rule, in Association for Studies for University History, Universities in the Turning Point, Hangilsa Publishing (In Korean)
Kim, L. (1997) Imitation to Innovation: The Dynamics of Korea's Technological Learning, Harvard Business School Press.
Kim, L. and Yi, G. (1997) The dynamics of R&D in industrial development: lessons from the Korean experience, Industry and Innovation, 4(2), 218-233.
Kim, S. and Lee, J.H. (2002) Promoting Innovation-Role of Education-Korea’s Economy, Korea Economic Institute.
Kim, S. and Lee, J. (2006) Changing facets of Korean higher education: market competition and the role of the state, Higher Education, 52(3), 557-587.
KIPO (2013) The Patent Trends in Korea 2013, KIPO.
KRF (2006) White Paper on the University-Industry Cooperation, Korea Research Foundation.
KRF (2007) White Paper on the University-Industry Cooperation, Korea Research Foundation.
Lee, H., Choi, K., Yoon, J. and Kim, G. (1998) A Study on the History of Modern Education after Liberation from Japanese Rule, Korea Education Development Institute (KDI).
Lee, J.K. (2006) Educational fever and South Korean higher education, Revista Electrónica de Investigacióny Educativa, 8(1), 1-14.
Lee, S.H. (2006) Korean Higher Education: Its Emergence, Development and Future Challenges, Seoul: Hakjisa Publisher.
Mansfield, E. (1991) Academic research and industrial innovation, Research Policy, 20(1), 1-12.
Mansfield, E. (1998) Academic research and industrial innovation: an update of empirical findings, Research Policy, 26(7-8), 773-776.
Martin, B.R. (2003) The changing social contract for science and the evolution of the university, In Aldo, G., Ammon, J.S. and Steinmueller, W.E. (eds.), Science and Innovation: Rethinking the Rationales for funding and Governance, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Martin, B.R. and Etzkowitz, H. (2001) The origin and evolution of the university species, Journal for Science and Technology Studies, 13(3-4), 9-34.
Mathews, J.A. and Hu, M.C. (2007) Enhancing the role of universities in building national innovative capacity in Asia: the case of Taiwan, World Development, 35(6), 1005-1020.
Mazzoleni, R. (2003) The Role of Universities and Public Research in the Catching-Up Process, Globelics.
Mazzoleni, R. and Nelson, R.R. (2007) Public research institutions and economic catch-up, Research Policy, 36(10), 1512-1528.
MOE (2014) University-Industry Cooperation in South Korea, Ministry of Education.
Mowery, D.C. and Sampat, B.N. (2005) The Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 and university-industry technology transfer: a model for other OECD government? Journal of Technology Transfer, 30(1-2), 115-127.
Nelson, R.R. (2004) The market economy and the scientific commons, Research Policy, 33(3), 455-471.
Nelson, R.R. (1986) Institutions supporting technical advance in industry, American Economic Review, Papers & Proceedings, 76(2), 186-189.
OECD (2007) Education at a Glance 2007, OECD.
Pack, H. (2000) Research and development in the industrial development process, In Kim, L. and Nelson, R.R. (eds.), Technology, Learning and Innovation, Cambridge University Press, 69-94.
PACST (1990) A Report on Science and Technology Policy to the President, Presidential Advisory Council on Science and Technology.
Park, K., Kwon, K., Eun, J., Han, D., Han, Y. and Han, S. (2007) Analysis on the Impact of University-Industry Collaboration Policy on Research Activities and Patenting Activities in Korean Universities, KRF (Korea Research Foundation).
Park, T.J. (2001) A Study on Citation Index of Korean Researchers: NCR Korea 1981-2000, Ministry of Education
Pavitt, K. (1998) The social shaping of the national science base, Research Policy, 27(8), 793-805.
Pavitt, K. (2001) Public policies to support basic research: what can the rest of the world learn from US theory and practice (and what they should not learn?), Industrial and Corporate Change, 10(3), 761-779.
Ribeiro, D. (1969) A Universidade Necessária, Rio de Janeiro, Paz at Terra.
Shils, E. (1972) Metropolis and province in the intellectual community, In Shils, E. (ed.), The Intellectuals and the Powers and Other Essays, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 355-371.
Shin, J.S. (1996) The Economics of the Latecomers: Catching-Up, Technology Transfer and Institutions in Germany, Japan and South Korea, London: Routledge.
Shrum, W. and Shenhav, Y. (1995) Science and technology in less developed countries, In Jasanoff, S. et al. (ed.), Handbook of Science and Technology, Thousand Oaks: Sage, 627-633.
Sohn, B. et al. (2006) Current situation and prospect of Korean university-industry cooperation, Venture Creation Study, 1(1), 31-32.
Song, S.S. (2002) A study on the characteristics of science and technology policy in Korea, Korean Journal of Study of Science and Technology, 2(1), 63-83
Sutz, J. (2000) The university-industry-government relations in Latin America, Research Policy, 29(2), 279-290.
Tan, J. (2004) Singapore: small nation, big plans, In Altbach, P. G. and Makoshi, T. (eds.), Asian Universities: Historical Perspective and Contemporary Challenges, Baltmore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Thomas, H.E. (1999) Dinâmicas de Inovção na Argentina (1970-1995): Abertura Comercial Crise Sisêmica E rearticulação, DPCT, Campinas, UNICAMP.
Thorsteinsdóttir, H. (1998) Islands Reaching Out? External Research Collaboration in Iceland and Newfoundland, DPhil Thesis, University of Sussex, Brighton.
Trow, M. (1974) Problems in the Transition from Elite to Mass Higher Education, in Policies for Higher Education, from the General Report on the Conference on Future Structures of Post-Secondary Education, 55-101, Paris: OECD
Umakoshi, T. (1997) The Establishment and Development of Korean Modern Universities, Nagoya University Press.
Velho, L. (2004) Science and Technology in Latin America and the Caribbean: An Overview, Maastricht, UNU/INTECH.
Waissbluth, M., Caneda, G. and Solleirom, J.L. (1988) Linking university and industry: an organizational experience in Mexico, Research Policy, 17, 341-347.
Wong, P.K., Ho, Y.P. and Singh, A. (2007) Towards an “Entrepreneurial University” model to support knowledge-based economic development: the case of the national university of Singapore, World Development, 35(6), 941-958.
Woo, J.C. (2002) Infrastructure of research and development and human resource in Korea, In Shin, G.W. (ed.), A Study on Innovation toward University-Industry Networking, STEPI.
World Bank (2000) Higher Education in Developing Countries: Peril and Promise, Report of the Global Joint Task Force on Higher Education.
Yim, D.S. and Kim, W.D. (2005) The evolutionary responses of Korean governmental research institutes in a changing national innovation system, Science, Technology & Society, 10(1), 31-55.