open access
메뉴
open access
메뉴
ISSN : 0376-4672
Ebola virus disease is a lethal viral hemorrhagic fever that has been boiling in sub-Saharan Africa since 1970s. Last year, The Ebola virus epidemic that has spread not only mainly in West Africa, but also in locals such as USA, Europe and the Antipodes via infected travelers, was brought up. Human-to-human transmission of Ebola virus disease is known only through direct contact with the blood, secretions, tissues or other bodily fluids, including saliva. Although there has not been reported infection cases in the dental healthcare settings, the fact that the infection of the Ebola virus may be made from human secretions such as saliva suggests that there is a high risk of infection for the Ebola virus of dental healthcare workers. Therefore, it is important dental healthcare workers to identify infection-suspected patients through the oral findings for infection prevention. This article will review the oral signs and symptoms of Ebola virus disease and discuss the pathogenesis, treatment and prevention. Furthermore, Infection control guidelines for oral healthcare workers are also proposed.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). CDC Public health image library ID# 10816[Internet]. Atlanta, USA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); [cited 2015 Oct 8]. Available from: http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details. asp?pid=10816
Samaranayake L, Scully C, Nair RG, Petti S. Viral Hemorrhagic fevers with emphasis on Ebola virus disease and oro-dental healthcare. Oral Dis 2015;21:1-6.
WHO Ebola Response Team. Ebola virus disease in West Africa - the first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections. N Engl J Med 2014;371(16):1481-1495.
Casillas AM, Nyamathi AM, Sosa A, Wilder CL, Sands HA. Current review of Ebola virus: pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and diagnostic assessment. Biol Res Nurs 2003;4(4):268-275.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Cases of Ebola virus disease in Africa, 1976-2015[Internet]. Atlanta, USA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); 2015 Oct [Cited 2015 Oct 8]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ ebola/outbreaks/history/distribution-map.html.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Ebola distribution map[Internet]. Atlanta, USA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); 2015 Oct [Cited 2015 Oct 8]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/history /distribution- map.html.
Kawaoka Y. How Ebola virus infects cells. N Engl J Med 2015;352(25):2645-2646.
Bray M, Geisbert TW. Ebola virus: the role of macrophages and dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005;37:1560-1566.
Mahanty S, Bray M. Pathogenesis of Filoviral haemorrhagic fevers. Lancet 2004;4(8):487-488.
Dowell SF, Mukunu R, Ksiazek TG, Khan AS, Rollin PE, Peters CJ. Transmission of Ebola hemorrhagic fever: a study of risk factors in family members, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995. J Infect Dis 1999;179(Suppl 1):S87-91.
Jaax N, Jahrling P, Geisbert T, Geisbert J, Steele K, McKee K, Nagley D, Johnson E, Jaax G, Peters C. Transmission of Ebola virus(Zaire strain) to uninfected control monkeys in a biocontainment laboratory. Lancet 1995;346:1669-1671.
Johnson E, Jaax N, White J, Jahrling P. Lethal experimental infections of Rhesus monkeys by aerosolized Ebola virus. Int J Exp Pathol 1995;78:227-236.
Formenty P, Leroy EM, Epelboin A, Libama F, Lenzi M, Sudeck H, Yaba P, Allarangar Y, Boumandouki P, Nkounkou VB, Drosten C, Grolla A, Feldmann H, Roth C. Detection of Ebola virus in oral fluid specimens during outbreaks of Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever in the Republic of Congo. Clin Infec Dis 2006;42:1521-1526.
Hwang ES. Preparedness for prevention of Ebola virus disease. J Korean Med Sci 2014;29:1185.
Marzi A, Feldmann H. Ebola virus vaccines: an overview of current approaches. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014;13(4):521-531.
Martinez MJ, Volchkova VA, Raoul H, Alazard-Dany N, Reynard O, Volchkov VE. Role of VP30 phosphorylation in the Ebola virus replication cycle. J Infect Dis 2011;204(Suppl 3):S934-940.
Marzi A, Halfmann P, Hill-Batorski L, Feldmann F, Shupert WL, Neumann G, Feldmann H, Kawaoka Y. an Ebola whole-virus vaccine is protective in nonhuman primates. Science 2015;348(6233):439-442.
Martinez MJ, Salim AM, Hurtado JC, Kilgore PE. Ebola virus infection: overview and update on prevention and treatment. Infect Dis Ther 2015:1-26.
World Health Organization (WHO). Interim infection prevention and control guidance for care of patients with suspected or confirmed Filovirus haemorrhagic fever in health-care settings with focus on Ebola. Geneva: WHO 2014.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Think Ebola: early recognition is critical for infection control[Internet]. Atlanta, USA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); 2015 Sept [Cited 2015 Oct 8]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/healthcare-us/evaluating-patients/think-ebola.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Infection prevention and control recommendations for hospitalized patients under investigation(PUIs) for Ebola Virus Disease(EVD) in U.S. hospitals[Internet]. Atlanta, USA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); 2015 Sept [Cited 2015 Oct 8]. Avaliable from: http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/healthcare-us/hospitals/infection-control.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). CDC tightened guidance for U.S. healthcare workers on personal protective equipment for Ebola[Internet]. Atlanta, USA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); 2014 Oct [Cited 2015 Oct 8]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/ media/releases/2014/fs1020-ebola-personal-protective-equipment.html
American Dental Association (ADA). Oral Health Topics - Ebola Resources[Internet]. Chicago, USA: American Dental Association (ADA); 2014 Oct [Cited 2015 Oct 8]. Available from: http://www.ada.org/en/member-center/oral-health-topics/ebola-resources
Dallatomasina S, Crestani R, Squire JS, Declerk H, Caleo GM, Wolz A, Stinson K, Patten G, Brechard R, Gbabai OB, Spreicher A, Herp MV, Zachariah R. Ebola outbreak in rural West Afica: epidemiology, clinical features and outcomes. Trop Med Int Health 2015;10(4):448-454.
Bwaka MA, Bonnet MJ, Calain P, Colebunders R, Roo AD, Guimard Y, Katwiki KR, Kibadi K, Kipasa MA, Kuvula KJ, Mapanda BB, Massamba M, Mupapa KD, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Ndaberey E, Peters CJ, Rollin PE, Enden EV. Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Kikwit Democratic Republic of the Congo: Clinical observations in 104 patients. J Infect Dis 1999;179(Suppl 1):S1-7.
Kortepeter MG, Bausch DG, Bray M. Basic clinical and laboratory features of Filoviral hemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis 2011;204:S810-816.
Qin E, Bi J, Zhao M, wang Y, Guo T, Yan T, Li Z, Sun J, Zhang J, Chen S, Wu Y, Li J, Zhong Y. Clinical features of patients with Ebola virus disease in Sierra Leone. Clin Infect Dis 2015;61(4):481-485.
Yan Ti, Mu J, Qin E, Wang Y, Liu L, Wu D, Jia H, Li Z, Guo T, Wang X, Qin Y, Li Y, Chen S, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Wu Y, Wang S, Li J. Clinical characteristics of 154 patients suspected of having Ebola virus disease in the Ebola holding center of Jui government hospital in Sierra Leone during the 2014 Ebola outbreak. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 34:2089-2095.
Bah EI, Lamah MC, Fletcher T, Jacob ST, Brett-Major DM, Sall AA, Shindo N, Fischer II WA, Lamontagne F, Saliou SM, Bausch DG, Moumie B, Jagatic T, Sprecher A, Lawler JV, Mayet T, Jacquerioz FA, Baggi MFM, Ballenas C, Clement C, Mardel S, Faye O, Faye O, Soropoqui B, Magassouba N, Koivoqui L, Pinto R, Fowler RA. Clinical presentation of patients with Ebola virus disease in Conarky, Guinea. N Engl J Med 2015; 372:40-47.
Bonnet MJ, Akamituna P, Mazaya A. Unrecognized Ebola hemorrhagic fever at Mosango hospital during the 1995 epidemic in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Emerg Infect Dis 1998;4(3):508-510.
Chertow DS, Kleine C, Edwards JK, Scaini R, Giuliani R, Sprecher A. Ebola virus disease in West Africa - clinical manifestations and management. N Engl J Med 2014;371(22):2054-2057.
Piot P, Bureau P, Breman G, Heymann D, Kintoki V, Masamba M, Mbuyi M, Miatudila M, Ruppol F, Van Nieuwenhove S, white MK, Vandergroen G, Wulff H, Johnson KM. Clinical aspects of Ebola virus infection in Yambuku area, Zaire, 1976. In: Pattyn SR, ed. Ebola virus haemorrhagic fever. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Morth-Holland Biomedical Press 1978:7-14.
Isaacson M, Sureau P, Courteille G, Pattyn SR. Clinical aspects of Ebola virus disease at the Ngaliema hospital, Kinshasa, Zaire, 1976. In: Pattyn SR, ed. Ebola virus haemorrhagic fever. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Morth-Holland Biomedical Press 1978:22-26.
Smith DH, Francis DP, Simpson DIH. African haemorrhagic fever in the Southern Sudan, 1976: clinical manifestations. In: Pattyn SR, ed. Ebola virus haemorrhagic fever. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Morth-Holland Biomedical Press 1978:27-30.
Sureau PH. Firsthand clinical observations of hemorrhagic manifestations in Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Zaire. Rev Infect Dis 1989;11(4):790-793.
Hujoel PP, Stott-Miller M. Retinal and gingival hemorrhaging and chronic hyperglycemia. Diabetes Care 2011;34(1):181-184.
Martin P, Laupland KB, Frost EH, Valiquette L. Laboratory diagnosis of Ebola virus disease. Intensive Care Med 2015;41(5):895-898.
Shaw M, Palese P. Fields virology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott williams & Wilkins 2013:1151-1185.
Rowe AK, Bertoli J, Khan AS, Mukunu R, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Bressler D, Williams AJ, Peters CJ, Rodriguez L, Feldmann H, Nichol ST, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG. Clinical, virologic, and immunologic follow-up of convalescent Ebola hemorrhagic fever patients and their household contacts, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo. J Infect Dis 1999;179(Suppl 1):S28-35.
Leroy EM, Baize S, Lu CY, McCornick JB, Georges AJ, Georges-Courbot M-C, Lansoud-Soukate J, Fisher-Hoch SP. Diagnosis of Ebola haemorrhagic fever by RT-PCR in an epidemic setting. J Med Virol 2000; 60(4):463-467.
Schieffelin JS, Shaffer JG, Goba A, Gbakie M, Gire SK, Colubri A, Sealfon RSG, Kanneh L, Moigboi A, Momoh M, Fullah M, Moses LM, Brown BL, Andersen KG, Winnicki S, Schffner SF, Park DJ, Yozwiak NL, Jiang PP, Kargbo D, Jalloh S, Fonnie M, Sinnah V, French I, Kovoma A, Kamara FK, Tucker V, Konuwa E, Sellu J, Mustapha I, Foday M, Yillah M, Kanneh F, Saffa S, Masssally JLV, Boisen ML, Branco LM, Vandi MA, Grant DS, Happi B, Gevao SM, Fletcher TE, Fowler RA, Bauch DG, Sabeti PC, Khan SH, Garry RF. Clinical illness and outcomes in patients with Ebola in Sierra Leone. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:2092-2100.
Galvin S, Flint SR, Healy CM. Ebola virus disease: review and implications for dentistry in Ireland. J Ir Dent Assoc 2015;61(3):141-143.