This paper contrasts the Korean ethnic-centered understanding of nationhood with the Chinese state-centered understanding. This paper also explains this contrast in a historical context. By so doing, this paper makes an effort to elaborate on Anthony Smith’s ethno-symbolic account of nationhood, in which he balances the influence of the ethnic past with the impact of nationalist activities. Both Korea and China followed a similar Confucian tradition and started to build their nation-states under the threat of colonization by Western powers in the late 19th century. However, these two countries had different ethnic pasts and, thus, respectively adopted different concepts of nationhood during their nation-building processes. As a result, Koreans and Chinese hold almost opposite understandings of nationhood today.
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