- Apply for Authority
- KOREAN
- E-ISSN2383-9449
- SCOPUS
E-ISSN : 2383-9449
Park, Han Woo
- Downloaded
- Viewed
Abstract
This research conducted a before/after naturalistic field experiment, with the early Arab Spring as the treatment. Compared to before the early Arab Spring, after the observation period the associations became stronger among the Web terms: 'Jihad, Sharia, innovation, democracy and civil society.' The Western concept of civil society transformed into a central Islamist ideological component. At another level, the inter-nation network based on Jihad-weighted Web hyperlinks between pairs of 46 Muslim Majority (MM) nations found Iran in one of the top two positions of flow betweenness centrality, a measure of network power, both before and after early Arab Spring. In contrast, Somalia, UAE, Egypt, Libya, and Sudan increased most in network flow betweenness centrality. The MM 'Jihad'-centric word co-occurrence network more than tripled in size, and the semantic structure more became entropic. This media "cloud" perhaps billowed as Islamist groups changed their material-level relationships and the corresponding media representations of Jihad among them changed after early Arab Spring. Future research could investigate various rival explanations for this naturalistic field experiment's findings.
- keywords
- Arab Spring, Islamists, Muslim nations, Jihad, Sharia, civil society, democracy, Web mining, semantic networks, social network analysis, international networks
Reference
Ackland, R., & O'Neil, M. (2011). Online collective identity: The case of the environmental movement. Social Networks, 33(3), 177-190. 10.1016/j.socnet.2011.03.001.
Alinsky, S.. Rules for radicals.
Allagui, I., & Kuebler, J.. (2011). The Arab Spring and the role of ICTs. International Journal of Communication, 5, 1435-1442.
Barnett, G.A., Chung, C.J., & Park, H.W. (2011). Uncovering transnational hyperlink patterns and Web-mediated contents: A new approach based on cracking.com domain. Social Science Computer Review, 29(3), 369-384. 10.1177/0894439310382519.
Baudrillard, J.. Simulacra.
Bentivegna, S.. (2006). Rethinking politics in the world of ICTs. European Journal of Communication, 21(3), 331-343. 10.1177/0267323106066638.
Benford, R. D., & Snow, D. A.. (2000). Framing processes and social movements: An overview and assessment. Annual review of sociology, 26(1), 611-639. 10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.611.
Borgatti, S. P., Everett, M. E., & Freeman, L. C.. Ucinet for Windows: software for social network analysis [software].
Borgatti, S. P.. NetDraw: Graph visualization software [software].
Borgatti, S. P.. (2005). Centrality and network flow. Social Networks, 27(1), 55-71. 10.1016/j.socnet.2004.11.008.
Butler, D., Gillum, J., & Arce, A.. US secretly created 'Cuban Twitter' to stir unrest.
Byman, D.L.. Iran's terrorism problem.
de Cordoba, J. & Luhnow, D.. US secretly created Cuban twitter to stir unrest.
Chen, H., Chung, W., Qin, J., Ried, E., Sageman, M., & Weimann, G.. (2008). Uncovering the dark Web: A case study of 'Jihad' on the Web. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 49(8), 1347-1359. 10.1002/asi.20838.
Center for Civil Society. Report of activities.
Danowski, J. A.. (2006). Web Capital: A network approach . Paper presented to the International Network of Social Network Analysis, Sunbelt XXVI annual meetings.
Danowski, J. A., G. Barnett, & W. Richards (Eds.). Network analysis of message content, Progress in communication sciences XII.
Danowski, J. A.. (1999). Arab countries' Internet growth from 1996 through 1999 as predictors of press freedoms and civil society development . Paper presented to annual meetings of the Arab-US Association for Communication Education.
Danowski, J. A., H. Amin, & L. Gher (Eds.). Arab countries' global telephone traffic networks and civil society discourse;Civic discourse and digital age communications in the Middle East.
Danowski, J. A.. (2008). Short-term and long-term effects of a public relations campaign on semantic networks of newspaper content: Priming or framing?. Public Relations Review, 34(3), 288-290. 10.1016/j.pubrev.2008.03.036.
Danowski, J. A.. (2010). The evolving Arab telecommunications networks: International telephone call data and Web hyperlinks . Paper presented to the International Communication Association.
Danowski, J.A.. (2010). Collaborative innovation networks at the international level: The Middle-Eastern Muslim case . Paper presented to the International Conference on Collabora-tive Innovation Networks.
Danowski, J. A., K. Krippendorff & M. Bock (Eds.). Inferences from word networks in messages;The content analysis reader.
Danowski, J. A.. WORDij semantic network analysis software[software].
Davidson, C. M.. The United Arab Emirates: Frontiers of the Arab Spring. Open Democracy: Free thinking for the world.
Danowski, J., & Edison-Swift, P.. (1985). Crisis effects on intraorganizational computer-based communication. Communication Research, 12, 251-270. 10.1177/009365085012002005.
Danowski, J. A., Riopelle, K., & Gluesing, J., G.A. Barnett & A. Vishwanath (Eds.). The revolution in diffusion models caused by new media: The shift from s-shaped to convex curves;The diffusion of innovations: A communication science perspective.
Denoeux, G.. Urban unrest in the Middle East: A comparative study of informal networks in Egypt, Iran, and Lebanon.
Downing, J. Radical media: Rebellious communication and social movements.
BBC. Egypt uprising: Islamists lead Tahrir Square rally.
Freeman, L. C.. (1979). Centrality in social networks: Conceptual clarification. Social Networks, 1(3), 215-239.
Freeman, L. C., & Borgatti, S. P.. (1991). Centrality in valued graphs: A measure of betweenness based on network flow. Social Networks, 13(2), 141-154. 10.1016/0378-8733(91)90017-N.
Garrett, R. K.. (2006). Protest in an Information Society: A review of literature on social movements and new ICTs. Information, Communication and Society, 9(2), 202-224. 10.1080/13691180600630773.
Goldstone, J.. (2001). Toward a fourth generation of revolutionary theory. Annual Review of Political Science, 4, 139-187. 10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.139.
Jacobs, R. N., Andrews M. (Ed.). Narrative, civil society and public culture;The uses of narrative: explorations in sociology, psychology, and cultural studies.
Greenberg, B. S.. (1964). Diffusion of news of the Kennedy assassination. Public Opinion Quarterly, 28(2), 225-232. 10.1086/267239.
Hofheinz, A.. (2005). The Internet in the Arab world: Playground for political liberalization. International Politics and Society, 3, 78-96.
Howard, P. N., & Hussain, M. M. (2011). The role of digital media. Journal of Democracy, 22(3), 35-48. 10.1353/jod.2011.0041.
Kamel, S., L. Shaver and N. Rizk (Eds.). Information and communications technology for development: Building the knowledge society in Egypt;Access to knowledge in Egypt: New research on intellectual property, innovation and development.
Kahn, R., & Kellner, D.. (2004). New media and internet activism: From the 'Battle of Seattle' to blogging. New media & society, 6(1), 87-95. 10.1177/1461444804039908.
Khondker, H. H.. (2011). Role of the New Media in the Arab Spring. Globalizations, 8(5), 675-679. 10.1080/14747731.2011.621287.
Krauthammer, C. The Arab Spring of 2005.
Kropczynski, J., & Nah, S.. (2011). Virtually networked housing movement: Hyperlink network structure of housing social movement organizations. New Media and Society, 13(5), 689-703. 10.1177/1461444810372786.
Kurzman, C., Wiktorowicz, Q. (Ed.). Conclusion;Islamic activism: A social movement theory approach.
Lynch, M.. The Arab uprising: The unfinished revolutions of the New Middle East.
Leydesdorff, L., & Hellsten, I.. (2005). Metaphors and diaphors in science communication mapping the case of stem cell research. Science Communication, 27(1), 64-99. 10.1177/1075547005278346.
Lotan, G., Graeff, E., Ananny, M., Gaffney, D., & Pearce, I.. (2011). The Arab Spring the revolutions were tweeted: Information flows during the 2011 Tunisian and Egyptian revolutions. International Journal of Communication, 5, 31.
Lynch, M.. Obama's Arab Spring. Foreign Policy.
Manheim, J. B., & Albritton, R. B.. (1984). Changing national images: International public relations and media agenda setting. The American Political Science Review, 78(3), 641-657. 10.2307/1961834.
Massad, J.. The 'Arab Spring' and other American seasons.
O'Reilly, T.. What is Web 2.0. O'Reilly Media, Inc.
Park, H. W. (2010). Mapping the e-science landscape in South Korea using the Webometrics method. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 15(2), 211-229. 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2010.01517.x.
Park, H. W., & Thelwall, M. (2003). Hyperlink analyses of the World Wide Web: A review. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 8(4).
Putnam, R. D.. Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community.
Rogers, E. M.. Diffusion of innovations.
Snow, D. A., & Benford, R. D.. (1988). Ideology, frame resonance, and participant mobilization. International social movement research, 1(1), 197-217.
Said, E.. Orientalism. 1978.
Shapiro, M. A., & Park, H.W. (2015). More than Entertainment: YouTube and Pub-lic Responses to the Science of Global Warming and Climate Change. Social Science Information, , 54.
Snow, D. A., Rochford Jr, E. B., Worden, S. K., & Benford, R. D.. (1986). Frame alignment pro-cesses, micromobilization, and movement participation. American sociological review, 51(4), 464-481. 10.2307/2095581.
Stengel, R., Ghosh, B., & Vick, K. Transcript: TIME's Interview with Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi.
Tilly, C., Wiktorowicz, Q. (Ed.). Forward;Islamic activism: A social movement theory approach.
Tufekci, Z., & Wilson, C.. (2012). Social Media and the decision to participate in political protest: Observations from Tahrir Square. Journal of Communication, 62(2), 363-379. 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01629.x160-163;10.1215/10474552-16-3-160.
Tuwayni. G.. Letter to Saddam Husayn: Resignation is more honorable. Beirut Al-Nahar (Internet Version in Arabic --http://www.annahar.com.lb.) Translation as reported.
Van Aelst, P., & Walgrave, S. (2002). New media, new movements? The role of the internet in shaping the 'anti-globalization' movement. Information, Communication Society, 5(4), 465-493. 10.1080/13691180208538801.
Yom, S. L.. (2005). Civil society and democratization in the Arab world. Middle East Review of International Affairs, 9(4), 14-33.
Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. Social network analysis: Methods and applications.
Wiktorowicz, Q. (2002). Islamic activism and social movement theory: a new direction for re-search. Mediterranean Politics, 7(3), 187-211. 10.1080/13629390207030012.
Wiktorowicz, Q. (Ed.). Islamic activism: A social movement theory approach.
- Downloaded
- Viewed
- 0KCI Citations
- 0WOS Citations