open access
메뉴
open access
메뉴
ISSN : 0376-4672
The velopharyngeal mechanism is a muscular valve extending from the posterior bony palate to the posterior pharynx, which congenitally disrupted in cleft palate deformity. Velopharyngeal insufficiency(VPI), defined as the inability to completely close the velopharyngeal sphincter that separates the oropharynx and the nasopharynx. Despite primary palatoplasty, VPI can be remained and cause the problems of so called “cleft palate speech”. To treat the cleft palate speech, surgery plays an definitive role in combined with the speech therapy. In this paper, the author introduces various surgical methods of pharyngoplasty and their clinical significances with appropriate cases.
1. Perry J. Anatomy and physiology of the velopharyngeal mechanism Semin Speech Lang 2011;32:83-92
2. Paulson LM. Speech outcomes after tonsillectomy in patients with known velopharyngeal insufficiency Int J Otolaryngo 2012;2012:1-4
3. Contrera KJ. Autologous fat injection pharyngoplasty in adults with velopharyngeal insufficiency Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2020;129:201-204
4. Orticochea M. Construction of a dynamic muscle sphincter in cleft palates Plast Reconstr Surg 1968;41:323-327
5. Hogan V. A clarification of the surgical goals in cleft palate speech and the introduction of the Lateral Port Control(L.P.C.) pharyngeal flap Cleft Palate J 1973; 10:331-345
6. Sell D. The cleft care UK study. Part 4: perceptual speech outcomes Orthod Craniofac Res 2015;18:36-46
7. Sakamoto Y. Evaluation of velopharyngeal closure by 4D imaging using 320-detector-row computed tomography. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2015;68:479-484
8. Cable B. Pharyngeal flap surgery: long-term outcomes at the university of Iowa Plast Reconstr Surg 2004;113:475-478
9. Garg R. A statistcal analysis of incidence, etiology, and management of palatal fistula Natl J Maxillofac Surg 2019;10:43-46
10. Sommerlad B. Palate re-repair revisited Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2002; 39:295-307
11. Sie K. Results with furlow palaotoplasty in management of velopharyngeal insufficiency Plast Reconstr Surg 2001;108:17-25
12. Whitaker L. A prospective and randomized series comparing superiorly and inferiorly based posterior pharyngeal flapsCleft Palate J 1972;9:304-311
13. Sloan G. Posterior pharyngeal flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty:the state of the art Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2000;37:112-122
14. Ezzat A. Functional and speech outcomes of superiorly based flap pharyngoplasty combined with radical intravelar veloplasty J Cleft Lip Palate Craniofacial Anomalies 2015;2:41-48
15. Saman M. Recent advances in surgical pharyngeal modification procedures for the treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency in patients with cleft palate Arch Facial Plast Surg 2012;14:85-88
16. Hofer S. A 10-year review of perioperative complications in pharyngeal flap surgery Plast Reconstr Surg 2002;110:1393-1397
17. Boutros S. The lateral port control pharyngeal flap: a thirty-year evolution and followup Plast Surg Int 2013;2013:1-6
18. Losken A. An outcome evaluation of sphincter pharyngoplasty for the management of velopharyngeal insufficiency Plast Reconstr Surg 2003; 112:1755-1761
19. Abyholm F. Pharyngeal flap and sphincterplasty for velopharyngeal insufficiencey have equal outcome at 1 year postoperatively: results of a randomized trial Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2005;42:501-511
20. Hubbard B. Contractility of sphincter pharyngoplasty: relevance to speech outcomes Can J Plast Surg 2013;21:15-18
21. Witt P. Salvaging the failed pharyngoplasty: intervention outcome Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1998;35:447-453
22. Valnicek S. Perioperative complications of superior pharyngeal flap surgery in children Plast Reconstr Surg 1994;93:954-958
23. Thurston J. Nasal obstruction as a complication of pharyngeal flap surgery Cleft Palate J 1980;17:148-154
24. Blecher G. Rapidly evolving narcolepsy-like syndrome coinciding with severe OSA following pharyngoplasty in Prader-willi syndrome Respirol Case Rep 2014;2:111-112