- P-ISSN 1010-0695
- E-ISSN 2288-3339
Objective:The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Aconiti ciliare tuber on the descending pain and the recovery of locomotor function that results from sciatic crushed nerve injury in rats. Method:In order to assess the effects of the aqueous extract of Aconiti ciliare tuber on the recovery rate of locomotor function, we investigated the walking track analysis, and for the effects on the pain control we investigated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in the sciatic nerve and on the expressions of c-Fos in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) region resulting from the sciatic crushed nerve injury in rats. Result:Treatment with Aconiti ciliare tuber significantly enhanced the SFIvalue, enhanced BDNF expression, decreased iNOS expression, and suppressed c-Fos expression. The present results showed that Aconiti ciliare tuber facilitated functional recovery following sciatic crushed nerve injury in rats. The recovery mechanisms of SFI by Aconiti ciliare tuber might be ascribed to the increase of BDNF expression for nerve regeneration and reinnervation and to the suppression of iNOS expression for inhibiting nerve inflammation. Conclusion:In this process it has been shown that Aconiti ciliare tuber can be used for pain control and functional recovery from peripheral nerve injury.
Bennett GJ, Xie YK. A peripheral mononeuropathy in rat that produces disorders of pain sensation like those seen in man. Pain. 1998;33:87-107.
Meller ST, Pechman PS, Gebhart GF, Maves TJ. Nitric oxide mediates the thermal hyperalgesia produced in a model of neuropathic pain in the rat. Neuroscience. 1992;50:7-10.
Narita M, Ozaki S, Narita M, Ise Y, Yajima Y, Suzuki T. Change in the expression of c-fos in the rat brain following sciatic nerve ligation. Neurosci Lett. 2003; 352:231-3.
Bervar M. Video analysis of standing-an alternative footprint analysis to assess functional loss following injury to the rat sciatic nerve. J Neurosci Methods. 2000;102:109-16.
De Medinaceli L, Freed WJ, Wyatt RJ. An index of the functional condition of rat sciatic nerve based on measurements made from walking tracks. Exp Neurol. 1982;77:634-43.
Bain JR, Mackinnon SE, Hunter DA. Functional evaluation of complete sciatic, peroneal, and posterior tibial nerve lesions in the rat. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1989;83:129-38.
Allen DM, Chen L-E, Seaber AV, Urbaniak JR. Pathophysiology and related studies of the no reflow phenomenon in skeletal muscle. Clin Orthop. 1995;314:122-33.
Davis KL, Martin E, Turko IV, Murad F. Novel effects of nitric oxide. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:203-36.
Beckman JS, Koppenol WH. Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Am J Physiol. 1996;271:C1424-37.
Bredt DS. Endogenous nitric oxide synthesis: biological functions and pathophysiology. Free Radic Res. 1999;31:577-96.
Lowenstein CJ, Dinerman JL, Snyder SH. Nitric oxide. A physiologic messenger. Ann Intern Med. 1994;120:227-37.
Bredt DS, Snyder SH. Nitric oxide: a physiologic messenger molecule. Annu Rev Biochem. 1994;63:175-95.
Qi WN, Yan ZQ, Whang PG, Zhou Q, Chen LE, Seaber AV, et al. Gene and protein expressions of nitric oxide synthases in ischemia-reperfused peripheral nerve of the rat. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2001;281:C849-56.
Huang EJ, Reichardt LF. Neurotrophins: Roles in neuronal development and function. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2001;24:677-736.
Thoenen H. Neurotrophins and neuronal plasticity. Science. 1995;270:593-8.
Young KM, Merson TD, Sotthibundhu A, Coulson EJ, Bartlett PF. p75 Neurotrophin receptor expression defines a population of BDNFresponsive neurogenic precursor cells. J Neurosci 2007;27:5146-55.
Hennigan A, O’Callaghan R, Kelly A. Neurotrophins and their receptors: roles in plasticity, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. Biochem Soc Trans. 2007;35:424-7.
Reichardt L. Neurotrophin-regulated signalling pathways. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2006;361:1545-64.
19. Pezet S, Malcangio M. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor as a drug target for CNS disorders. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2004;8:391-9.
Tonra JR, Curtis R, Wong V, Cliffer KD, Park J, Timmes A, et al. Axotomy upregulates the anterograde transport and expression of brainderived beurotrophic factor by sensory neurons. J Neurosci. 1998;18:4374-83.
Zhou XF, Chie ET, Deng YS, Zhong JH, Xue Q, Rush RA, et al. Injured primary sensory neurons switch phenotype for brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the rat. Neuroscience 1999;92:841-53.
Zhou XF, Rush RA. Endogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor is anterogradely transported in primary sensory neurons. Neuroscience. 1996;74:945-51.
Von Bartheld CS. Axonal transport and neuronal transcytosis of trophic factors, tracers, and pathogens. J Neurobiol. 2004;58:295-14.
Lee MH, Kim H, Lim BV, Chang HK, Lee TH, Jang MH, et al. Naloxone potentiates treadmill running-induced increase in c-Fos expression in rat hippocampus. Life Sci. 2003; 73:3139-47.
De Medeiros MA, Canteras NS, Suchecki D, Mello LE. Analgesia and c-Fos expression in the periaqueductal gray induced by electroacupuncture at the Zusanli point in rats. Brain Res. 2003;973:196-204.
Dragunow M, Faull R. The use of c-fos as a metabolic marker in neuronal pathway tracing. J Neurosci Methods. 1989;29:261-5.
Morgan JI, Curran T. Proto-oncogene transcription factors and epilepsy. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1991;12:343-49.
Vanegas H, Schaible HG. Descending control of persistent pain: inhibitory or facilitatory? Brain Res Rev. 2004;46:295-309.
Sato H, Yamada C, Konno C, Ohizumi Y, Endo K, Hikino H. Pharmacological actions of Aconitine alkaloids. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1979;128:175-87.
Hikino H, Konno C, Takata H, Yamada Y, Yamada C, Ohizumi Y, et al. Anti-inflammatory principles of Aconitum roots. J Pharmacobio Dyn. 1980;3:514-25.
Ding LS, Wu FE, Chen YZ. Diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum gymnandrum. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. 1993;28:188-91.
Sawanobori T, Adaniya H, Hirano Y, Hiraoka M. Effects of antiarrhythmic agents and Mg2+ on aconitine-induced arrhythmias. Japanese Heart Journal. 1996;37:709-18.
Ameri A. The effects of Aconitum alkaloids on the central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol. 1998;56:211-35.
Lester Packer, Choon Nam Ong, Barry Halliwell. Herbal and Traditional Medicine. Marcel Dekker. U.S.A.. 2004;889-90.
Qin L, Zhang SH, Li XL. Studies on immunoregulating effect of monkshood root and peony root used singly and in combination. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2002;27:541-44.
Shan BE, Zhang JY, Li QX. Human T cell and monocyte modulating activity of Rhizoma typhonii in vitro. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2001;21:768-72.
Henry Yoon. Herbal Holistic Approach to Arthritis- Related Disorders with Synergistic Application. Dominion Herbal College. Canada. 1988:16-7.
Kim HK, Lee HW, Jeon WK. Effects of Various Processing Methods on Contents of Alkaloids in the Cho O (Aconiti ciliare tuber). Kor. J. Pharmacogn. 2002;33(4):296-300.
De Koning P, Brakkee JH, Gispen WH. Methods for producing a reproducible crush in the sciatic and tibial nerve of the rat and rapid and precise testing of return of sensory function. Beneficial effects of melanocortins. J Neurol Sci 1986;74:237-46.
Varejão AS, Cabrita AM, Geuna S, Melo-Pinto P, Filipe VM, Gramsbergen A, et al. Toe out angle: a functional index for the evaluation of sciatic nerve recovery in the rat model. Exp Neurol. 2003;183:695-9.
Vogelaar CF, Vrinten DH, Hoekman MF, Brakkee JH, Burbach JP, Hamers FP. Sciatic nerve regeneration in mice and rats: recovery of sensory innervation is followed by a slowly retreating neuropathic pain-like syndrome. Brain Res. 2004;1027:67-72.
Fukuoka T, Kondo E, Dai Y, Hashimoto N, Noguchi K. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor increases in the uninjured dorsal root ganglion neurons in selective spinal nerve ligation model. J Neurosci. 2001;21:4891-900.
Kerr BJ, Bradbury EJ, Bennett DL, Trivedi PM, Dassan P, French J, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor modulates nociceptive sensory inputs and NMDA-evoked responses in the rat spinal cord. J Neurosci. 1999;19:5138-48.
Thompson SW, Bennett DL, Kerr BJ, Bradbury EJ, McMahon SB. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is an endogenous modulator of nociceptive responses in the spinal cord. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999;96:7714-8.
Zimmermann M. Pathobiology of neuropathic pain 26. Eur J Pharmacol. 2001;429:23-37.
Michalski B, Bain JR, Fahnestock M. Long-term changes in neurotrophic factor expression in distal nerve stump following denervation and reinnervation with motor or sensory nerve. J Neurochem. 2008;105:1244-52.
Marcol W, Kotulska K, Larysz-Brysz M, Kowalik JL. BDNF contributes to animal model neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve transaction. Neurosurg Rev. 2007;30:235-43.
Levy D, Zochodne DW. Local nitric oxide synthase activity in a model of neuropathic pain. Eur J Neurosci. 1998;10:1846-55.
Yamada K, Suzuki E, Nakaki T, Watanabe S, Kanba S. Aconiti tuber increases plasma nitrite and nitrate levels in humans. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;96:165-9.
Shin SJ, Qi WN, Cai Y, Rizzo M, Goldner RD, Nunley JA 2nd, et al. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase promotes recovery of motor function in rats after sciatic nerve ischemia and reperfusion. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2005;30:826-35.
Liou SS, Liu IM, Lai MC, Cheng JT. Comparison of the antinociceptive action of crude Fuzei, the root of Aconitum, and its processed products. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;99:379-83.