open access
메뉴ISSN : 2092-738X
It is widely known that the Bugis people, originally from South Sulawesi, have been migrating to many places, including both the Indonesian and Malaysian sides of the borders today. The translocal and transnational movements of the Bugis people, especially to North Kalimantan of Indonesia and Sabah and Johor of Malaysia, have occurred in several waves, particularly during the 17th century, around 1965 and from 1980 to the present. The fall of the kingdom of Somba Opu in South Sulawesi and the rise Dutch colonial power have been the triggers for the early movement of the Bugis to both the Indonesian and Malaysian borders. This was followed by the second push of the Islamic rebellion in South Sulawesi, around 1965, creating another big wave of Bugis movement. The most recent one has been mainly due to economic reasons. These different phases of the movements, as well as the dynamic interplay of various aspects, such as citizenship, ethnic, and sub-ethnic groupings, practicing of cultural traditions and keeping the language, to mention a few, have contributed to the process of the construction of the multiple identities of the Bugis. Indeed, the Bugis people are no longer identified or identify themselves as a single group, but rather have fluid and contesting identities. This paper will discuss three main issues: the history of the translocal and transnational movements of the Bugis to North Kalimantan, Sabah and Johor; the process of adaptation to these new places; and the construction of Bugis identities.
Abdul Hadibin Ambok Ingtang. 2009. Sejarah, Tradisi dan Budaya Bugis di Negeri Johor. Tarikh, 4 Mac 2009, bersamaan 7Rabuilawal 1430H. Proyek Pemugaraan Pendokumentasian Yayasan Warisan Johor.
Acciaioli, Greg. 2004. From Economic Actor to Moral Agent:Knowledge, Fate and hierarchy Among the Bugis of Sulawesi. Indonesia, 78: 147-178.
Ammarell, Gene. 2002. Bugis Migration and Modes of Adaptations to Local Situations. Ethnology, 41(1): 51-67.
Andaya, Barbara Watson and Leonard Y. Andaya. 2001. A History of Malaysia. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire:PALGRAVE.
Ardhana, I Ketut et al. 2004. Border of Ethnicity and Kinship: Cross Border Relations between the KelalanValle Sarawak and the Bawan Valley, East Kalimantan. Jakarta: Research Center for Regional Resources - the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (PSDR-LIPI) in collaboration with Sarawak Development Institute (SDI).
Ardhana, I Ketut and Yekti Maunati. 2009. The Bugis Diaspora in the Tawau District of Sabah, East Malaysia: Challenges and Trends in the Context of Managing Multicultural Society. Paper presented at International Conference of IFFSO (International Federation of Social Science Organizations)on “Global and International Migration-Realities of Labour Movement and International Marriages,” Chiang Mai, Thailand on 21-23 November 2009.
Barth, Fredrik. 1989. The Analysis of Culture in Complex Societies. Ethnos, 54(3-4): 121-142.
Bayar, Murat. 2009. Reconsidering Primordialism: An Alternative Approach to the Study of Ethnicity. Ethnic and Racial Study, 32(9): 1639-1657.
Burton, John. 2007. Book review, Mixed Relations: Asian-Aboriginal Contact in North Australia. Pacific Affairs, 80(2): 409.
Eller, Jack David. 1999. From Culture to Ethnicity to Conflict: An Anthropological Perspective on International Ethnic Conflict. The United States of America: The University of Michigan Press,
Eisen, Daniel. B. 2016. Book review on Multiple Identities: Migrant, Ethnicity, and Membership. Contemporary Sociology, 44(6):855.
Eriksen, Thomas Hylland. 1993. Ethnicity & Nationalism: Anthropological Perspectives. London and Boulder, Colorado: Pluto Press
Haba, John. 2005. Potensi Konflik Etnik di Daerah Perbatasan Nunukan. Dari Entikong sampai Nunukan; Dinamika Perbatasan Kalimantan Malaysia Timur (Serawak-Sabah). Riwanto Tirtosudarmo and John Haba, eds. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan.
Hall, Stuart. 1992. The Question of Cultural Identity. Modernity and its Future. Stuart Hall, David Held, and Tony McGrew, eds. 274-316. Cambridge: Polity Press in association with Open University.
Hirschman, Charles. 1987. The Meaning and Measurement of Ethnicity in Malaysia: An Analisys of Census Classification. Journal of Asian Studies, 46(3): 555-582.
Information Malaysia. 1998. Year Book. Malaysia: Berita Publishing Sdn.Bhd.
Ito, Makoto. 2002. The Nature of Bugis Migration and Their Networks. Making of Multicultural Sabah. Koji Miyazaki, ed. 21-30. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Culture of asia and Africa.
Ju-Lan Thung and Yekti Maunati. 2004. Part A: The (Re)construction of the “Pan Dayak” identity in Kalimantan. The (re) construction of the ‘Pan Dayak’ Identity in Kalimantan and Sarawak: A Study on Minority’s Identity, Ethnicity and Nationality. Jakarta: PMB-LIPI.
Kahn, Joel S. 1995. Culture, Multiculture, Postculture. London, Thousand Oaks, and New Delhi: SAGE Publications
King, Victor T. 1982. Ethnicity in Borneo: An Anthropological Problem. Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, 10(1):23-43.
King, Victor T. and William D Wilder. 2003. The Modern Anthropology of South-east Asia. London and New York: Routledge Curzon.
Kivisto, Peter. 2001. Theorizing transnational immigration: a critical review of current efforts. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 24(4):549-577.
Kivisto, Peter. 2002. Multiculturalism in a Global Society. Oxford:Blackwell Publishers.
Kuncoro, Wahyu. 2016. Musjid Nurul Islam: Social Networking in a Religious Space. Border Twists and Burma Trajectories:Perceptions, Reforms, and Adaptations. Samak Kosem, ed. Chiang Mai: Center for Asian Studies, Chiang Mai University.
Lineton, Jacqueline. 1975. Pesompe ‘Ugi’: Bugis Migrants and Wanderers. Archipel, 10: 173-201, http://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_1975_num_10_1_1248, (Accessed March 30, 2016).
Maunati, Yekti. 2000. Contesting Dayak Identity: Commodification and the Cultural Politics of Identity in East Kalimantan. PhD Dissertation. La Trobe University.
Maunati, Yekti. 2007. Bab V: Dinamika Etnisitas dan Identitas: Kasus Masyarakat Perbatasan Kalimantan Timur, Sarawak, dan Sabah. Dinamika Etnisitas dan Hubungan Ekonomi pada Wilayah Perbatasan di Kalimantan Timur: Studi Kasus di Wilayah Krayan dan Long Pasiah. Jakarta: Proyek Kompetitif, LIPI.
Maunati, Yekti. 2008. Etnisitas di Nunukan (Ethnicity in Nunukan). Etnisitas, Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lokal dan Potensi Perdagangan International dalam Rangka Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Nunukan Kalimantan Timur. Jakarta: LIPI Press.
Maunati, Yekti. 2009. Etnisitas di Pulau Nunukan dan Sebatik. Etnisitas, Pengembangan Sumber daya Lokal dan Potensi Perdagangan Internasional dalam Rangka Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Nunukan –Kalimantan Timur. Jakarta: LIPI Press.
Maunati, Yekti. 2010. Etnisitas di Nunukan dan Sebatik. Etnisitas, Pengembangan Sumber daya Lokal dan Potensi Perdagangan Internasional dalam Rangka Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Nunukan –Kalimantan Timur. Jakarta: LIPI Press.
Maunati, Yekti et al. 2010a. Kontestasi Identitas dan Diaspora Bugis:Sebuah Pengantar. Kontestasi Identitas dan Diaspora Bugis di wilayah Perbatasan Kalimantan Timur-Sabah. Jakarta:LIPI Press.
Maunati, Yekti. 2010a. Terbentuknya Identitas Diaspora Bugis: Tradisi dan Budaya Bugis. Kontestasi Identitas dan Diaspora Bugis di Wilayah Perbatasan Kalimantan Timur-Sabah. Jakarta:LIPI Press
Maunati, Yekti. Rethinking Cultural Identity and its Drivers in Present-Day Indonesia: A Case Study of the Dayak. Suvannabhumi: Multi-disciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 3(2): 79-121.
Maunati, Yekti. 2012. Networking the Pan-Dayak. Questioning Modernity in Indonesia and Malaysia. Wendy Mee and Joel S. Kahn, eds. 91-111. Singapura and Jepang: NUS PRESS in association with Kyoto University Press. Kyoto CSEAS Series on Asian Studies 5, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University.
Maunati, Yekti and Betti Rosita Sari. 2014. Construction of Cham Identity in Cambodia. Suvannabhumi: Multi-disciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 6(1): 107-135
Musa, Ghazali. 2000. Tourism in Malaysia. Tourism in South and Southeast Asia: Issues and Cases. C. Michael Hall and Stephen Page, eds. 144-156. Oxford, Auckland, Boston, Johannersburg, Melbourne, and New Delhi: Butterworth Heinemann.
Nurhan, Kenedi. 2009. Fokus Diaspora Bugis-Makassar dari Somba Opu. Kompas, January 19: 1&15.
Noorduyn, J. 1988. The Bugis Genealogy of the Raja Muda Family of Riau – Johor. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 61(2): 63-92.
Pelras, Christian. 1996. The Bugis. Oxford: Blackwell Publisher.
Tirtosudarmo, Riwanto. 2005. Wilayah Perbatasan dan Tantangan Indonesia Abad 21: Sebuah Pengantar. Dari Entikong sampai Nunukan: Dinamika Daerah Perbatasan Kalimantan, Malaysia Timur (Sarawak-Sabah). Jakarta: Sinar Harapan.
Said, Nurman. 2004. Religion and Cultural Identity Among the Bugis (A Preliminary Remark). Inter-Religio, 45:12-20.
Siburian, Robert and Yekti Maunati. 2013. Eksploitasi Sumberdaya Alam (SDA): Menunai Bencara dan Derita Masyarakat Lokal di Kalimantan Timur. Roots of Conflict and its Resolution:The Exploitation of Natural Resources and the Making of a Megacity. Yogyakarta: Pintal.
Stokhof , Malte and Oscar Salemink. 2009. State Classification and Its Discontents: The Struggle Over Bawean Ethnic Identity in Vietnam. Journal of Vietnamese Studies, 4(2): 154-195.
Vertovec, Steven. 2001. Transnationalism and Identity. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27(4): 573-582.
Yu, Zheng and Zen Jing. 2015. Transnational Ethnic Flows and National Identity Construction: The Case of a Miao/Hmong Village. Uncertain Lives: Changing Borders and Mobility in the Borderlands of he Upper Mekong. Wasan Panyagaew and Bai Zhihong, eds. Chiang Mai, Thailand: The Regional Center for Social Science and Sustainable Development (RCSD), Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University.
Wang, Lijung. 2007. Diaspora, Identity and Cultural Citizenship: The Hakkas in “Multicultural Taiwan.” Ethnic and Racial Studies, 30(5): 875-895.
Majid, Abd. 2013. Falsafah Tellu Cappa. http://abdmajid.staf.upi.edu/2013/08/27/falsafah-tellu-cappa-2/. 27 August 2013 (Accessed April 5, 2016).
http://www.churchbenefits.org/Global%20Missions/UPG/Malay%20of %20Malaysia.icm.