초록

최근 3차원 절대 계측 기술의 발달을 통해 터널에서의 3차원 계측 기술의 도입 및 결과의 활용에 대한 연구가 다양하게 시도되고 있다. 이러한 계측분석을 통하여 이방성 암반에서 터널 굴착 시 암반의 구조적 거동 및 영향이 파악될 수 있으며, 그에 따른 적절한 지보도 결정되어 질 수 있다. 터널 축에 대하여 서로 다른 연약대 특성, 두께, 방향성을 가지는 암반에서의 굴착에 영향을 확인하기 위해 3차원 해석이 수행되었으며, 내공변위의 function parameter가 계산되었다. 수치해석 결과는 오스트리아 알프스 산악터널의 비균질한 암반에서의 계측결과와 비교분석 되었다. 현장의 계측결과와 수치해석 결과의 상관도가 높게 나타났으며, 이를 토대로 function parameter의 변화를 통해 막장 전방의 지반을 예측하는 것이 가능한 것으로 나타났다.

Abstract

The introduction of geodetic methods of absolute displacement monitoring in tunnels has significantly improved the value of the measurements. Structurally controlled behavior and influen- ces of an anisotropic rock mass can be determined, and the excavation and support adjusted accordingly. Three-dimensional finite element simulations of different weakness zone properties, thicknesses, and orientations relative to the tunnel axis were carried out and the function parameters were evaluated from the results. The results were compared to monitoring results from Alpine tunnels in heterogeneous rock. The good qualitative correlation between trends observed on site and numerical results gives hope that by a routine determination of the function parameters during excavation the prediction of rock mass conditions ahead of the tunnel face can be improved. Implementing the rules developed from experience and simulations into the monitoring data evaluation program allows to automatically issuing information on the expected rock mass quality ahead of the tunnel.

초록

최근 터널이 점점 장대터널로 계획됨에 따라, 터널 안전성에 대한 요구도 증가하고 있다. 그러나 국내 터널내의 화재 및 사고에 대한 자료의 축적이 거의 되어있지 않고 관련 연구도 미흡한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 터널의 화재 및 사고사례 관련 자료를 수집, 분석하여 국내터널 안전성 평가를 위한 기초자료를 제공하는데 목적이 있으며, 특히 터널내 교통사고 및 화재발생률, 인명피해 발생률과 터널 특성과의 관계 분석에 중점을 두었다.

Abstract

As the length of local tunnels is getting longer, the demand for tunnel safety attracts more attention. But only a few information can be found concerning traffic and fire accidents occurred in local tunnel, and full-fledged studies had not been carried out to fulfill the expectation of the tunnel users. This study aims at collecting and analyzing the data on traffic and fire accidents in local road tunnels and providing the fundamental data for the tunnel fire safety evaluation. Focus is placed on quantifying the relationship among traffic accidents, fire occurrences and tunnel characteristics.

초록

Abstract

The number of tunnels are in fact increasing as a part of linear improvement project of general national highway and road enlargement and pavement project. Recently, collapses of portal slope are also occurring considerably, due to local raining from severe rain storm and abnormal weather. Accordingly, it was risen a necessity to efficiently respond to tunnel portal slope damage and maintenance in Korea and oversea nations. This paper is a basic proposal to execute a survey on the current status and state of the tunnel portal slopes that were already installed and are now being operated along general national highways, and also to execute state evaluation for the purpose of managing those effectively. As a research method, domestic tunnels were analyzed in accordance with geometrical shape such as access type, portal form, and tunnel type, etc. via field survey to analyze the types of tunnel portal slopes along national highways. State evaluation classification sheet is presented to divide classes for the danger state of the surveyed portal slopes, and then the related grades are divided. It is mainly aimed at classifying the tunnel portal slope along national highways with using this state evaluation, to use it as basic data so that continuous maintenance can be executed in the future in accordance with danger classes.

초록

터널의 시공은 터널주변 지반에 구조적인 손상과 시공상의 손상을 불러일으킨다. 여기서의 구조적인 손상이란 터널굴착으로 인한 원지반응력의 교란으로 인하여 발생하는 것을 의미하며, 시공상의 손상이란 시공방법에 따른 주변지반의 손상을 의미한다. 본 논문에서는 원지반의 특성과 시공 중 손상을 고려할 수 있는 Hoek과 Brown 2002년도 공식을 이용하여 터널주변 탄․소성 영역에 작용하는 접선 및 반경방향의 응력 산정을 위한 식과 터널주변 소성영역의 산정방법이 제시되었다. 또한, 매개변수분석을 통하여 암반의 등급, 무결암의 일축압축강도, 그리고 터널의 크기와 소성영역간의 상관관계를 조사하였으며, 기존의 연구에서 제안된 방법과의 비교를 통하여 본 연구에서 제안된 방법의 정확도를 검증하였다.

Abstract

Tunneling in rock mass produces two types of damages in the vicinity of a tunnel: structural and constructional damages. Structural damage represents the damage induced by the unbalance of geostatic stress caused by the tunneling, and constructional damage is the damage produced during the construction. In this study, formulations of tangential and radial stresses in the elastic and plastic zones near a tunnel, and the calculation of radius of plastic zone surrounding a tunnel are introduced by modifying the Hoek-Brown criterion of 2002 edition, which has capability of considering in situ rock mass characteristics and construction damage. From the parametric study, influences of rock mass quality, uniaxial compressive strength of intact rock, and the dimension of the tunnel on the plastic zone are investigated. The accuracy of the proposed approach is evaluated by comparing with results from the previous study.

초록

터널의 설계에 있어서 RMR 분류방법은 암반을 분류하고 암반등급에 따른 지보패턴을 결정하기 위하여 널리 사용하여 왔다. 하지만 이러한 RMR 분류방법은 현장상태를 고려하여야만 구할 수 있는 변수들을 사용하고 암반을 분류하는 기술자의 경험적 판단에 의존될 수 밖에 없다. RMR 암반분류 방법을 설계단계에서 활용할 때 RMR의 평가요소들을 모두 고려하는 것은 실무적으로 불가능하다. 따라서 설계시 정량적인 요소만을 사용하여 RMR 분류 가능성을 확인하기 위하여 판별분석을 수행하였다. 정량적 데이터인 암석강도 혹은 RQD는 RMR 값과의 상관계수가 높으며, 기존 암반분류기준을 살펴볼 때 암석강도와 RQD는 암반분류를 위한 중요한 요소이다. 기존의 RMR 암반분류 방법을 통한 암반분류와 두 가지 변수만을 고려한 판별분석을 수행한 암반분류 결과 암석강도를 독립변수로 사용한 판별분석시 74.8%, RQD를 독립변수로 사용한 판별분석시 74.3%의 정확도로 RMR 암반분류가 가능하였다. 암석강도와 RQD를 함께 고려한 판별분석을 하였을 때 82.5%의 정확도로 RMR 암반분류가 가능하였다. 기존의 사례분석에서 RMR 전체 요소를 통하여 수행된 설계단계의 전체 적중률은 40.3% 정도 수준임을 감안할 때 설계단계에서는 암석강도와 RQD 만으로도 충분한 RMR 암반분류가 가능할 것이다.

Abstract

In designing a tunnel, RMR has been widely used to classify rock mass and to decide the support pattern according to the class of rock mass. However, this RMS system can't help relying on the empirical judgment of engineers who use variables which can be obtained only through consideration of the site conditions. In actuality, it is impossible to consider all the rating factors of RMS when using RMR system at the stage of designing. Therefore, in order to confirm possibility of RMR by use of only the quantitative factors for designing, this paper has done discriminant analysis. Rock strength or RQD has high coefficient of correlation with RMR value, and in consideration of the existing standards for rock mass classification, rock intensity and RQD are important factors for classification of rock mass. Through rock mass classification by the existing RMR system and rock mass classification by the discriminant analysis which has considered two variables only, the discriminant analysis using the rock intensity as an independent variable has shown 74.8% accuracy while the discriminant analysis using RQD as an independent variable has shown 74.3% accuracy. In case of the discriminant analysis which has considered both rock intensity and RQD, it has shown 82.5% accuracy. The existing cases have shown 40.3% accuracy at the stage of designing in which all the RMR factors are considered. It means that at the stage of designing, RMR system can work only with the rock intensity and RQD.

초록

본 연구에서는 터널내 탄성파 탐사로부터 터널막장 전방 파쇄대를 예측하기 위한 두 가지의 3차원 구조보정 기법을 제안하였다. 첫 번째 해석기법은 타원체의 원리에 기초한 것으로 터널 양쪽 벽면에서 각각 독립적으로 탄성파 탐사를 수행하여 얻은 2차원 해석 결과를 이용하여 3차원 구조보정을 수행할 수 있다. 두 번째 해석기법은 파전파 평면의 개념을 도입한 것으로 터널내 탄성파탐사를 터널 한쪽 벽면에서만 송신을 수행한 반면, 수진기는 양쪽 벽면에 설치한 경우에 적용할 수 있는 기법이다. 새로운 구조보정 기법을 현장 터널내 탄성파 탐사 자료에 적용해 보았다. TSP 시험자료를 이용하여 3차원 구조보정을 수행한 후, 그 결과를 터널 굴착과정 중 조사된 지질정보와 비교해 보았다. 그 결과 제안된 구조보정 기법을 통하여 불연속면의 형상을 비교적 정확히 예측할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

Abstract

Two 3-dimensional data processing techniques to predict the fractured zone ahead of a tunnel face by the tunnel seismic survey were proposed so that the geometric formation of the fractured zone could be estimated. The first 3-dimensional data processing technique was developed based on the principle of ellipsoid. The input data needed for the 3D migration can be obtained from the 2-dimensional tunnel seismic prediction (TSP) test where the TSP test should be performed in each sidewall of a tunnel. The second 3-dimensional migration technique that was developed based on the concept of wave travel plane was proposed. This technique can be applied when the TSP is operated with sources in one sidewall of a tunnel while the receivers are installed in both sidewalls. New migration technique was applied to an in-situ tunnelling site. The 3-dimensional migration was performed using measured TSP data and its results were compared with the geological investigation results that were monitored during tunnel construction. This comparison revealed that the proposed migration technique could reconstruct the discontinuity planes reasonably well.

초록

Abstract

The practice of introducing and grouting reinforced fiber glass pipes or bar into the core to be excavated to maintain stable the tunnel face during excavation has been applied to many tunnels, where difficult geotechnical conditions are present, with good results in terms of safety and speed of works. This reinforcing technique, initially developed to be used jointly with the mechanical precut in clay, has been widely used with other geotechnical conditions as the only type of reinforcement or joined with other ground consolidation and/or reinforcement techniques (i.e. steel pipes or jet-grouting umbrella). At present same numerical researches have been carried out to find which are the real working conditions of the reinforcing elements but no final results have been obtained for the definition of the best design approaches. In this work the results of a three dimensional parametric numerical model is presented.