초록

Abstract

Related to the previous paper on the typical crack pattern of tunnel lining with NATM, the characteristic defects in reinforced cement concrete lining of NATM tunnel have analyzed with the precise inspection with safety and diagnosis (PISD) by KISTEC. Depending on the reinforcing materials, steel rebar, steel fiber, and glass fiber have been implemented to reinforcing lining in various NATM tunnel constructions. Reinforcing lining with rebar are prevailed on NATM tunnel to countermeasure the weak geological circumstances, to pursuit the economical tunnel sections, and to resist the risk of tunnel deterioration. By the special act on the safety control of public facilities, the reinforced NATM tunnels for more than 1 km length are scrutinized closely to characterize defects; crack, reinforcement exposure, and lack of lining. Crack resistance by reinforcing is shown in comparison with the normalized crack to the length of tunnel. Typical exposed reinforcements in lining have exemplified with various sections. The lack of lining due to the mal-construction, spalling, fire, earthquake and leaching has been analyzed. The cause and mechanism with the field inspections and other studies has also been verified. Detailed cases are selected by the above concerns as well as the basic information from FMS (Facilities Management System). Likewise the previous paper, this study provides specialized defects in reinforced lining of NATM and it can be widely used in spreading the essential technics and reporting skills. Furthermore, it would be advised and amended for the detail guideline of Safety Diagnosis and PISD (tunnel).

초록

인공동결공법(artificial ground freezing method)은 연약지반 및 도심지에서의 지하구조물 시공에 적합한 차수 및 지반보강 공법이다. 인공동결공법은 동결관(freezing pipe)을 지중에 매설한 후 냉매(refregerant)를 순환시켜 대상 지반에차수벽 및 지지체의 역할을 수행하는 동결벽체(frozen wall)를 형성한다. 그러나 간극수의 동결에 따른 간극수의 부피팽창은 지반의 변형을 야기시킬 수 있고, 시공완료 후 동결토의 융해에 따른 지반의 소성변형 및 입자의 재배치 등은 지반의 역학적 특성을 변화시킨다. 본 논문에서는 인공동결공법에 따른 해성 점토지반(marine clay)의 동결속도를 평가하기위하여 인공동결공법 현장실증시험을 수행하였다. 현장실증시험은 지중에 3.2 m 깊이로 매설된 동결관 1공 내로 초저온 냉매인 액화질소를 순환시키는 방법으로 수행되었다. 또한, 원지반과 인공동결공법에 의해 동결/융해된 지반에 대한피에조 콘 관입시험(piezo cone penetration test, CPTu) 및 공내재하시험(lateral load test, LLT)을 수행함으로써 동결/ 융해(freezing-thawing)에 따른 해성 점토지반의 강도 및 강성 특성의 변화를 평가하였다. 시험결과, 부피가 약 2.12 m3 인 원기둥 모양의 동결체를 형성하는데 총 3.5일이 동안 약 11.9 ton의 액화질소가 소요되었다. 동결/융해에 따른 지반의강도 및 강성 저하는 각각 48.5%, 22.7%로 산정되었다.

Abstract

The artificial ground freezing (AGF) method is a groundwater cutoff and/or ground reinforcement method suitable for constructing underground structures in soft ground and urban areas. The AGF method conducts a freezing process by employing a refrigerant circulating through a set of embedded freezing pipes to form frozen walls serving as excavation supports and/or cutoff walls. However, thermal expansion of the pore water during freezing may cause excessive deformation of the ground. On the other hand, as the frozen soil is thawed after completion of the construction, mechanical characteristics of the thawed soil are changed due to the plastic deformation of the ground and the rearrangement of soil fabric. This paper performed a field experiment to evaluate the freezing rate of marine clay in the application of the AGF method. The field experiment was carried out by circulating liquid nitrogen, which is a cryogenic refrigerant, through one freezing pipe installed at a depth of 3.2 m in the ground. Also, a piezo-cone penetration test (CPTu) and a lateral load test (LLT) were performed on the marine clay before and after application of the AGF method to evaluate a change in strength and stiffness of it, which was induced by freezing-thawing. The experimental results indicate that about 11.9 tons of liquid nitrogen were consumed for 3.5 days to form a cylindrical frozen body with a volume of about 2.12 m3. In addition, the strength and stiffness of the ground were reduced by 48.5% and 22.7%, respectively, after a freezing-thawing cycle.

초록

Abstract

In this study, the durability of conical pick cutter was compared and analyzed by preand post-test visual inspection, measurement of weight loss and wear volume through field test on two types of conical pick cutters applied to rotary drum cutter. In the visual inspection, it was found that only 9 inserts were lost in the slim type conical pick cutter. This result show that the thickness of the head cover surrounding a insert was important to maintain the insert during excavation. The weight loss and wear volume of the heavy type conical pick cutter were less than half that of the slim type. From these results, it can be confirmed that heavy type is more useful than slim type in hard rock. It should be noted that, when determining the wear loss of the conical pick cutter, the mutual comparison of the weight measurement and the wear volume measurement results may be different due to the unit weight of the material and the spalling caused by excavation.

초록

밀집도가 높은 국내 기존 도심지를 대상으로 공동구를 새로이 계획할 경우에는 정량적 평가지표에 의한 타당성 평가시스템과 경제성 평가를 이용한 최적 설계용량 결정 등의 합리적인 의사결정 과정이 필요하다. 그러므로 이전 연구에서는도심지 유형별 특성을 고려한 의사결정 계층구조를 구성하고 정량적 평가지표 항목에 대한 계층의사분석(AHP)을 통해서 개별 상위지표(3개) 부문과 하위지표(16개) 항목의 중요도 가중치를 제시하였다. 또한 도심지 공동구에 적합한 비용 ‧ 편익 분석을 위해서 교통사고 감소효과, 차량소음 저감효과, 사회 ‧ 경제적 손실 등의 3개 항목을 새로이 추가하여 10개의 편익 항목, 8개의 비용 항목을 고려한 경제성 평가방법이 제시되었다. 본 연구는 도로관리, 공공시설, 도시환경 부문의 하위 16개 평가지표의 중요도 가중치를 활용한 정량적 타당성 평가방법을 제시하고 서울시 주간선도로 123개 구간을 대상으로 타당성 평가를 실시하였다. 또한 타당성 평가결과와 경제성 평가결과를 비교하여 문제점을 분석하고 두 평가결과의 조합에 의한 종합평가 방법을 제시하였다. 본 연구에서 제시된 정량적 타당성 평가와 경제성 평가시스템의 로직을 프로그래밍하여 개발할 예정인 설계용량 최적화 프로그램은 도심지 공동구의 계획 및 설계 단계에서 활용되며 궁극적으로 도심지 공동구 활성화에 기여하게 될 것이다.

Abstract

If a new utility tunnel is planned for high density existing urban areas in Korea, a rational decision-making process such as the determination of optimum design capacity by using the feasibility evaluation system based on quantitative evaluation indexes and the economic evaluation is needed. Thus, the previous study presented the important weight of individual higher-level indexes (3 items) and sub-indexes (16 items) through a hierarchy analysis (AHP) for quantitative evaluation index items, considering the characteristics of each urban type. In addition, an economic evaluation method was proposed considering 10 benefit items and 8 cost items by adding 3 new items, including the effects of traffic accidents, noise reduction and socio-economic losses, to the existing items for the benefit ‧ cost analysis suitable for urban utility tunnels. This study presented a quantitative feasibility evaluation method using the important weight of 16 sub-index items such as the road management sector, public facilities sector and urban environment sector. Afterwards, the results of quantitative feasibility and economic evaluation were compared and analyzed in 123 main road sections of the Seoul. In addition, a comprehensive evaluation method was proposed by the combination of the two evaluation results. The design capacity optimization program, which will be developed by programming the logic of the quantitative feasibility and economic evaluation system presented in this study, will be utilized in the planning and design phases of urban community zones and will ultimately contribute to the vitalization of urban utility tunnels.

초록

본 논문에서는 공동구 도입과 관련하여 초기 기본 계획 단계에서 보다 효율적으로 수용시설물의 설치여부를 결정하기위한 기법을 제시하였다. 이를 위해 수용시설물의 구성과 종수를 결정하기 위한 평가체계를 정립하였다. 7개의 수용시설물에 대하여 98개의 조합을 분석하였으며, 수용시설물 평가체계를 위하여 타당성 및 경제성과 관련된 지표 중 기본 계획단계와 관련된 지표를 선별하였다. 선별된 항목을 반영하여 공간적, 효과적, 비용적 평가로 분류된 평가체계를 제시하였으며, 가중치 설정을 위한 AHP분석을 실시하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 공동구 설치를 위한 기본 계획 단계에서 설계자를 포함한 사용자들이 공동구내 수용시설물을 결정하는 과정에서 시간을 단축하고 효율성을 높이는데 도움이 될 것으로판단된다.

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a method to determine whether to install the accommodation facility of the multi-utility tunnel more effectively in the basic planning phase, and to set up an evaluation system to determine the configuration and kind of accommodation facility. For the configuration of the accommodation facility, 98 alternatives were analyzed for 7 accommodation facility. For the evaluation system of the accommodation facility, index related to feasibility and economic in basic planning phase were selected. The evaluation system classified as spatial, effective, and cost evaluation was presented reflecting the selected index, and AHP analysis was performed for weight setting. The results of this study will be helpful for users including designers to shorten the time and increase the efficiency in the process of determining accommodation facility of the multi-utility tunnel in basic planning phase

초록

Abstract

The behavior of the 3 hinged precast arch structure was investigated by comparing field measurements with numerical analyses performed for precast lining arch structures, which are widely used for the open-cut tunnel. According to the field measurements, the maximum vertical displacement occurred at the crown with upward displacements during the backfilling up to the crown of the arch and downward displacements at the backfill height above the crown. The final crown displacement was 19 mm upward from the original position. The horizontal displacement at the sidewall, which had a maximum horizontal displacement, occurred inward of the arch when compacting the backfill up to the crown and returned to the original position after completing the backfill construction. According to the analysis of displacement measurements, economical design is expected to be possible for precast arch structures compared to rigid concrete structures due to ground-structure interactions. Duncan model gave good results for the estimation of displacements and deformed shape of the tunnel according to the numerical analyses comparing with field measurements. The earth pressure coefficients calculated from the numerical analyses were 0.4 and 0.7 for the left and the right side of the tunnel respectively, which are agreed well with the eccentric load acting on the tunnel due to topographical condition and actual field measurements.

초록

최근 도심지 차량 정체 해소와 주변환경을 개선하기 위하여 도심지 지하공간을 활용하는 대심도 복층터널 설계 및 시공기술개발 연구가 진행되고 있으며, 네트워크형 복층터널은 단면이 작고, 평지 하부에 시공됨에 따라 입 ‧ 출구의 경사가가파른 특징이 있는 교차로 형태를 가지며 화재발생시 화재연기가 매우 빠르게 전파되어 인명피해 발생이 우려된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 교차로에 화재연기 확산지연장치를 설치한 경우와 미설치된 경우에 대하여 화재연기 확산지연효과를 분석하였다. 화재연기 확산지연장치를 교차로에 설치하였을 시 화재발생 후 270초까지 화재연기가 지연되었으며, 화재연기 확산지연장치의 차단면적이 커질수록 인명피해 예방에 도움이 될 것으로 분석되었다.

Abstract

Recently, in order to solve the traffic congestion in urban areas and to improve the peripheral environment, research on the design and construction technology development of great depth underground double-deck tunnel is under way by using the underground space in the urban area. The network type double-deck tunnel is in the form of an intersection with a small cross section and a steep slope as per construction at the base of a flatland, so that the fire smoke spreads rapidly in case of fire, which is expected to cause damage of human life. Therefore, this study is analyzed the delay effect of fire smoke diffusion according to the installation and non - installation of delay system for fire smoke diffusion at the intersection. Fire fumes were delayed up to 270 seconds when the delay system for fire smoke diffusion was installed at the intersection and it is analyzed that the greater the operating area of the delay system for fire smoke diffusion, the more preventable the damage of human life of the intersection.

초록

'TBM 터널공사 시 스크류컨베이어의 배토 거동에 대한 이해는 굴진율 향상을 위한 중요한 요소이다. 본 연구에서는 지반에서 디스크 커터에 의해 생성되는 암반칩의 형상에따라 스크류컨베이어 내부에서의 이동 및 배토 거동에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 입자기반의 DEM 수치해석기법을 이용하여, 6가지의 대표적인 모양에 대한 암반칩을 클러스터로 형성하였다. 또한, 실제 스크류컨베이어의 3D 축소모델을 형성한 후, 다른 모양의 암반칩의 시간당 배토량을 측정하였다. 시뮬레이션 결과, 스크류컨베이어의 경사각이 0°일 때, 동일한 암반에서 암반칩의 형상과 부피와 상관없이 10 RPM 속도에서의 스크류컨베이어 배토량은 스크류컨베이어 최대 배토량의 약 20%로 나타났다(표준편차: 1.3%). 본 연구 결과는 암반용 TBM 설계 및 암반에서의 TBM 굴착 시 스크류컨베이어 운용에 참고할 수 있는 자료로 사용될 수 있을것으로 예상된다.

Abstract

Tunnel construction by TBMs should be supported by the performance of a screw conveyor in order to obtain the optimum penetration rate, so studies related to the screw conveyor performance have been being conducted. Compared to the study on the performance of the screw conveyor for the soil, however, the research on the performance of the screw conveyor for the rock is insufficient. Considering the domestic tunnel sites with more rock layers than soil layers, simulation of discharge of 6 types of rock chips by the screw conveyor was conducted using DEM. Regardless of the shape and volume of the rock chips, the discharge rates of the rock chips by the parallel placed screw conveyor at a speed of 10 RPM in the same rock mass were about 20% (standard deviation: 1.3%) of the maximum volume of discharge rate by the screw conveyor. It is expected that this study can be used as a reference material for screw conveyor design and operation in TBM excavations in rock masses.

초록

터널공사 시간 및 비용의 예측은 터널공사를 계획하는데 있어서 가장 기본적인 사항이며, 우리나라에서는 결정론적 방법에 따라 체계화된 표준품셈에 의해 계산하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 국내 터널 공사기간 또는 사이클타임의 신뢰성 있는예측모델 구축이라는 장기적인 목표를 위하여, 우선 국내 터널 3개의 현장에 대한 터널굴착시간을 세부공종별로 분석하고, 터널설계시 공사기간을 추정하는 공식적인 방법인 표준품셈에서의 사이클타임과 비교하였다. 그 결과 실제 굴착 사이클타임은 표준품셈대비 3개의 터널 각각 50 %, 7%, 31% 수준의 차이를 보였고, 특히 숏크리트와 록볼트 타설시간에서는 각각 171%, 88%로 매우 큰 차이를 보였다. 이에 대한 가장 큰 이유는 표준품셈은 주된 작업공종별로만 작업시간이분류되어 있어 터널작업자들의 숙련도, 각종 시공장비의 종류 및 사양, 또는 터널굴착작업에서 발생하는 다양한 시공조건을 고려하고 있지 않기 때문이다. 결국 본 연구결과는 현재까지 조사가 이루어진 터널 3개 현장의 특정한 상황에 대해서만 적용될 수 있으므로, 향후 터널굴착 세부작업시간에 대한 지속적인 데이터 축적을 통해 신뢰성 있는 터널굴진시간예측모델을 구축할 계획이다.

Abstract

Estimating tunnel construction time and costs are the most fundamental part of a tunnel project planning, which has been generally assessed on a deterministic basis until now. In this paper, excavation cycle time was investigated for two road tunnels and one subway tunnel, and the results were compared with the Standard of Construction Estimate (SE), which is made for the estimation of construction time and cost in a design stage. The results show that the difference in cycle time between SE and actual cycle time is 50%, 7% and 31% respectively for the three tunnels, which means that SE does not reflect practical operation time. The major reasons of the difference are skilled level of tunneling workers, the change of operation sequences for more effective operations, much more complicated working atmosphere in a tunnel than the assumption of SE etc. Finally, even though the results can not be generalized since investigated tunnels are only 3, but it is thought that SE needs to be upgraded into the model able to consider quite common situations through additional tunnel investigation and studies in the future.

초록

'주요 도심지 도로건설은 포화상태로 지하공간의 개발이 필요하며 이를 위해 지하철도와 지하 도로 터널의 건설은 활발히 진행되어 왔다. 국외의 경우 지하 도로터널을 2층구조로 활용하는 복층터널 시공이 이루어 졌으며 이에 따른 지하공간 개발 기술이 높은 수준에 이르고 있다. 2차로 병설터널을 2차로 복층터널로 계획하는 경우 굴착 면적은 크게 차이가 나지 않으며, 터널 통과구간이 차지하는 폭을 대폭 줄일 수 있다. 이를 통해 터널 통과구간이 차지하는 폭을 대폭감소시킬 수 있으므로 지반조건이 불량한 경우 필요한 상부 보강 비용을 절감할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 복층터널 굴착에따른 영향에 대해 알아봄으로써 지하공간 활용 기술을 높이고 단층터널 굴착영향과 비교를 통해 향후 복층터널 설계 및안정성 평가에 도움이 될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Abstract

It is necessary to construct underground in the metropolis. Road traffic has reached saturation point. The city has several underground road construction projects. In abroad, double deck tunnels are planned and constructed. It is attained a high level of underground development technology. In case the double deck tunnel (2 lane) is planed instead of the bidirectional tunnel (2 lane), excavation area is similar. But tunnel width is decreased. The reduced width can cut cost for the tunnel reinforcement. This study evaluates the stability of excavation on double deck tunnel. By the assessment of the strength-stress ratio and strength reduction method, quantitative analysis is conducted between double deck tunnel and the bidirectional tunnel

초록

Abstract

'To effectively deal with the fire in tunnel which is mostly the vehicle fire, it’s more important to suppress the fire at early stage. In urban tunnel, however, accessibility to the scene of fire by the fire fighter is very limited due to severe traffic congestion which causes the difficulty with firefighting activity in timely manner and such a problem would be further worsened in underground road (double-deck tunnel) which has been increasingly extended and deepened. In preparation for the disaster in Korea, the range of life safety facilities for installation is defined based on category of the extension and fire protection referring to risk hazard index which is determined depending on tunnel length and conditions, and particularly to directly deal with the tunnel fire, fire extinguisher, indoor hydrant and sprinkler are designated as the mandatory facilities depending on category. But such fire extinguishing installations are found inappropriate functionally and technically and thus the measure to improve the system needs to be taken. Particularly in a double-deck tunnel which accommodates the traffic in both directions within a single tunnel of which section is divided by intermediate slab, the facility or the system which functions more rapidly and effectively is more than important. This study, thus, is intended to supplement the problems with existing tunnel life safety system (fire extinguishing) and develop the remote-controlled automatic fire extinguishing system which is optimized for a double-deck tunnel. Consequently, the system considering low floor height and extended length as well as indoor hydrant for a wide range of use have been developed together with the performance verification and the process for commercialization before applying to the tunnel is underway now.

초록

횡류식 환기 시스템이 설치된 터널에서 급, 배기구 포트 개구면적의 최적화는 외부로부터 터널 내에 급기되는 신선공기의 분배를 균일하게 하고 터널 내 오염물질을 효율적으로 배출하여 터널 이용자에게 안전하고 쾌적한 터널 환경을 제공하기 위한 것이다. 이를 위하여 횡류 환기방식이 적용된 대심도 복층터널 내부에 균일한 급기 또는 배기풍량을 얻기 위해서 급, 배기구 포트 면적계산 및 최적화하기 위한 프로그램이 개발되었다. 개발된 포트 면적 계산 및 최적화 프로그램의신뢰성 확보를 위해 현재 운영 중인 반횡류 환기방식을 적용하고 있는 터널의 덕트 내 풍속을 측정하였다. 또한 동일한터널에 대한 3차원 수치해석을 수행하였고 CFD 결과를 측정된 값과 비교하였다. 분석결과, 프로그램이 예측한 값과 현장측정결과의 오차율은 약 6.72%를 보이고 있으며, 3차원 수치해석 결과와의 오차율은 약 4.86%로 나타났다. 두 결과모두 10% 이내의 오차율을 보이고 있으므로, 이 포트 개구면적 최적화 프로그램을 사용해서 횡류식 터널의 급기 및 배기포트의 최적화 설계가 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

Abstract

The purpose of the optimization of the installation of supply/exhaust ports for tunnels with transverse ventilation system is to supply fresh air from outside to inside of tunnels uniformly and exhaust pollutant from tunnels properly for creating safe and clean environment for tunnel users. For this purpose, a ventilation port area optimization program was developed to obtain a uniform supply or exhaust air volume inside a great depth double deck tunnel with transverse ventilation system. In order to area optimize the developed port sizing program, the wind velocity was measured in the duct of the currently operated tunnel with semi-transverse ventilation. Also 3D cfd was performed on the same tunnel and cfd results were compared to the measured value. As a result, the error rate between the predicted value from the program and measured value was 6.72%, while the error rate between the predicted value from the program and 3D cfd analysis value was 4.86%. Both of comparison results show less than 10% of error rate. Thus It is expected that supply/exhaust port optimization design of transverse ventilation tunnel can be possible with using this large exhaust port area optimization program.

초록

최근 국내외 도심지역의 교통정체 완화와 공간의 효율성 증대를 위해 대도시내 도로의 지하화 시행빈도가 증가하고 있다. 도시부 터널은 극심한 정체상황 중 화재가 발생할 경우 대형 참사를 유발할 가능성이 산악터널보다 높기 때문에 소단면으로된 소형차전용터널로 시공이 될 가능성이 높다. 소형차 전용의 터널로 시공이 될 경우, 소형차 전용터널은 차량에의한 설계화재강도를 감소할 수 있는 반면, 터널 높이 감소 등에 따른 단면적 축소에 따라 유해가스농도가 증가하여 위험도는 증가하는 상반된 특징이 있다. 본 연구에서는 수치해석을 통해 대배기구의 설치간격과 형태에 따른 화재양상을 터널 내 온도 및 CO농도를 분석하여 비교 ‧ 검토하였으며, 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 설치간격에 따른 연기확산거리는 큰차이가 없는 것으로 분석되었으나, 본 연구에서는 간격이 100 m인 경우가 가장 효과적으로 분석되었다. 대배기구 형상에 따른 연기확산거리는 4 m × 3 m, 6 m × 2 m, 3 m × 2 m (2열) 순으로 배연성능이 우수한 것으로 분석되었으며, 대배기구 형상에 따른 연기확산거리는 플래시오버 이후에는 큰 차이가 없지만 화재 성장과정에서 3 m × 2 m인 경우 다른 경우보다 확산거리가 큰 것으로 분석되었고, 대배기구 종횡비에 따른 연기확산거리는 횡방향으로 긴 경우보다 종방향으로긴 경우가 화재연기의 확산거리가 더 짧은 것으로 분석되었다.

Abstract

Recently, due to the efforts to mitigate traffic congestion and expansion of space efficiency, the construction of underground roads has been increased in big-scale cities. Since tunnels in the city have a higher chance for a fire leading to a great tragedy during a severe traffic jam than mountain tunnels, it is highly likely that it will be constructed as a tunnel, having a small cross section, for small vehicles. However, if they are constructed as such small-vehicle tunnels, it would be possible to reduce the design fire intensity while the concentration of harmful gases would increase due to a reduction in the small cross sectional area, led by a decrease in the tunnel height. In this study, behaviors of fire smoke by the installation interval and format of large-scale exhaust-gas ports were examined and compared in the analysis of temperatures and CO concentrations of a tunnel and its results were as the following. Although there were no significant differences in the smoke spreading distance between installation intervals, but in this study, 100 m was found to be the most effective installation interval. The smoke exhaustion performance was found to be excellent in the order of 4 m × 3 m, 6 m × 2 m, and 3 m × 2 m (2 lane) of the smoke spreading distance. Although there was no significant difference in the smoke spreading distance between formats of large-scale exhaust-gas ports, it was found that the smoke spreading distance was larger than other cases when it was 3 m × 2 m in the fire growing process. The analysis of smoke spreading distances by the aspect ratio showed that a smoke spreading distance was shorted when its the smoke spreading distance was found to be shorter when its traverse distance was relatively longer than its longitudinal distance.