초록

최근 경주 포항 등 대도시에서 지진이 발생하고 이에 각 분야에서의 내진해석 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 하지만 대부분의 기존 내진해석은 지상구조물과 지반을 따로 다루었기 때문에 지반과 구조물의 완전한 상호 동적거동에 대한 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 건물만 고려하는 지하구조물 고정단 모델과 건물과 지반을 함께 고려하는 연속체 모델을 각각 적용하기 위해 MIDAS GEN 및 MIDAS GTS NX를 이용하여 민감도 분석을 수행하고 SSI를 고려한 동적해석의 타당성을살펴보았다. 연구 결과, 대부분의 조건에서 지하구조물 고정단 모델이 연속체 모델보다 초고층 건물의 최대 순수 수평변위를 더 작게, 휨응력을 더 크게, 또한, 취약부의 범위는 더 작게 산출하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 내진해석 시 지반-구조물 상호작용을 고려한 연속체 모델을 사용하는 것이 보다 타당할 것으로 판단된다

Abstract

Recently, earthquakes have occurred in large cities such as Gyeongju and Pohang, and seismic analysis studies have been actively conducted in various fields. However, since most of the previous seismic analyses have dealt with ground structures and the ground separately, there is a lack of a study on the complete soil-structure dynamic interaction. Therefore, in this study, a sensitivity analysis is conducted with MIDAS GEN and MIDAS GTS NX to apply the underground structure fixed-end model considering only the building and the complete system model considering both the building and the ground, respectively and the validity of dynamic analysis considering SSI is examined. As a result of the study, in most conditions it is found that the maximum horizontal displacement of the tall building in case of the underground structure fixed-end model is estimated to be smaller, the bending stress is larger, and the range of the weak part is smaller than that of the complete system model. Therefore, it is expected to be more reasonable to use the complete system model considering soil-structure interaction in seismic analysis.

초록

Abstract

In this paper, viscosity features of sealant (bentonite-cement slurry), which is used for umbrella arch method in tunnel, were studied. The sealant must secure optimal strength and capacity for the waterproof and stabilization of borehole as well as to satisfy groutability. In this study, the variation of viscosity was measured with different mixing processes. With an increase of initial mixing period with water and bentonite mixture, the required time for the rapid increase of viscosity of the sealant is shorten. With increase of mixing period, the possibility of swelling of bentonite will increases and this can lead increase of the viscosity of the mixture. In addition, the behaviors of sealant vary with a drastic increase of the viscosity: thixotropy and rheopexy. Furthermore, the bentonite/water mixing period influences on the bleeding features of the sealant. Further study is required to introduce the guideline, which can be applicable in the field in the aspect of required capacity of the sealants and mixing processes of the ingredients.

초록

Abstract

When conducting the underground safety impact assessment under the special law in Korea, it is essential to investigate the occurrence of underground cavities. When underground cavities were discovered, the underground safety was assessed through numerical analysis. The previous study has suggested the stability evaluation based on the factor of safety by changing the 2D shape of the small underground cavity. In this study, the effects of small underground cavities considering 3D shapes were examined using a continuum analysis program and compared with the 2D results presented in previous study. If the 3-Dimensional shape of the underground cavity is found close to the sphere type, it would be reasonable to evaluate the factor of safety by the shear strength reduction method regardless of the size and position of the cavity. If a high-aspect ratio underground cavity with a depth of 2 m or more from the ground surface and an aspect ratio (a/b) of 2.0 or more is in the vertical direction, not only the factor of safety but the failure mode shape should be cautions in the stability evaluation using the shear strength reduction method. The results of this study are expected to be basic data on underground safety impact assessment.

초록

철도터널의 방재시설 설계 시 성능위주설계의 일환으로 화재위험을 정량적으로 평가하는 정량적 위험도평가기법이 도입되어 적용되고 있다. 그러나 각종 위험인자가 위험도에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위한 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 이에 본연구에서는 피난개시 시간지연(210~873초) 및 화재성장곡선(1량 화재, 1량 화재지속, 화재중첩)이 정량적 위험도 평가에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위해서 모델터널(연장: 15 km, 경사도 1.5%, 단면적 57 m2, 단굴 양방향 터널)을 대상으로위험도 평가를 수행하였으며, 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 시나리오(270개)에 대한 분석결과, 사망자는 주로 화재연기의 이동방향과 동일한 방향으로 대피하는 경우가 발생하고 있으며, FED가 0.3을 초과한 후에는 최대 10분 이내에 최대인원이 사망하는 것으로 나타났다. 위험도가 비교적 낮은 범위에서는 피난연결통로간격 및 피난개시시간, 화재성장곡선이 위험도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나고 있으나, 위험도가 한계치에 도달하는 조건에서는 이들의 영향이 거의 없는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 본 연구에서는 피난연결통로의 간격이 1,500 m 이상인 경우에는 피난개시시간지연의 축소나화재강도 및 화재지속시간의 감소효과가 거의 나타나지 않는 것으로 평가되었다.

Abstract

A quantitative risk assessment has been introduced to quantitatively evaluate fire risk as a means of performance based fire protection design in the design of railway tunnel disaster prevention facilities. However, there are insufficient studies to examine the effect of various risk factors on the risk. Therefore, in this study, the risk assessment was conducted on the model tunnel in order to examine the effects of the evacuation start time delay and the fire growth curve on the quantitative risk assessment. As a result of the analysis of the scenario, the fatalities occurred mainly when escapes in the same direction as the direction of the fire smoke movement. And after the FED exceeded 0.3, the maximum fatalities occurred within 10 minutes. In the range of relatively low risk, distance between cross passages, evacuation delay time and fire growth curve were found to affect the risk, but they were found to have little effect on the condition that the risk reached the limit. Especially, in this study, it was evaluated that the evacuation delay time reduction, fire intensity and duration reduction effect were not observed when the distance between cross passages was more than 1500 m.

초록

도심지 교통정체를 해소하고 지상공간 활용도를 높이기 위해 세계 각국에서는 단일 면적에 최대 교통량을 확보할 수 있고 저수공간등 다목적 활용이 가능한 복층 터널 건설이각국에서 진행되고 있다. 최근 국내에서도 복층터널 시공에 대한 수요가 증가하고 있으며 단일 노선 복층터널뿐만 아니라 지중에서의 분 ․ 합류부 및 교차로 시공까지 가능한네트워크형 복층터널 개발 연구가 진행 중에 있다. 네트워크형 복층터널에서 지중 분기부 및 합류부 시공 시 형성되는 필라부는 복층터널 본선부와 분기터널간의 상호 간섭효과에 의해 응력집중이 발생되는취약부로 지반조건에 따른 보강공법 적용이 필요하다. 본 논문은 강연선을 사용하여 loop 형태로 필라부를 구속함으로써다축 방향으로 구속력을 발휘할 수 있는 보강공법을 제시하였다. 이 방법의 검증을 위하여 실제 복층터널 필라 형성부와복층터널 상하부에서의 분기되는 구간을 각각 모델링하여 수치해석을 수행하였다. 이를 통해 적정 필라폭 확보에 대한 방안을 제시하였고 기존 보강방법과의 비교 및 보강효과에 대한 수치해석적 검증을 수행하여 실제 현장 적용 전 복층터널분기부 시공방안을 강구하였다.

Abstract

Congestion of the city with the rapid industrial development was accelerated to build complex social infrastructure. And numerous structures have been designed and constructed in accordance with these requirements. Recently, to solve complex urban traffic, many researches of large-diameter tunnel under construction downtown are in progress. The large-diameter tunnel has been developed with a versatile double-deck of deep depth tunnel. For the safe tunnel construction, ground reinforcement methods have been developed in the weakened pillar section like as junction of tunnel. This paper focuses on evaluation of the effects of new developed ground reinforcement methods in double-deck junction. The values of reinforcement determined from the existing and developed methods were compared to each other by numerical simulation.

초록

본 연구는 GFRP plate 보강세그먼트를 TBM 터널 지보재로 적용하기 위한 성능평가를 실시하였다. 세그먼트의 철근량감소와 균열제어 및 파손 등의 국부적인 손상 방지를 위하여 최근 SFRC세그먼트 적용되고 있다. 그러나 SFRC세그먼트에 사용되는 강섬유는 섬유 부식에 의한 내구성 저하 문제가 제기되고 있으며, RC세그먼트와 비교하여 SFRC세그먼트의 최대 휨하중 감소는 TBM 터널 세그먼트의 폭넓은 적용범위를 저해하고 있다. 따라서 SFRC세그먼트의 최대하중 증가를 위한 보강재로 GFRP plate 고려하였으며, 강섬유의 대체재로 부식 우려가 없는 구조용 합성섬유를 사용하였다. 보강섬유의 종류 및 GFRP plate 두께를 주요 변수로 하여 세그먼트의 휨 성능평가를 실시한 결과, 보강섬유와 3 mm 두께의 GFRP plate로 보강한 세그먼트는 섬유로만 보강한 세그먼트와 비교하여 섬유 종류별로 최대하중이 21.78~23.03%, 휨인성은 0.5~7.96% 증가하여 우수한 휨성능 효과를 보여주었다.

Abstract

This study was performed to evaluate the performance of GFRP plate reinforced segments for TBM tunnel support. Recently, the SFRC segment has been applied to prevent local damage such as reduction of the amount of reinforcing bars of the segment, crack control and breakage. However, the steel fiber used in the SFRC segment has a problem of durability deterioration due to fiber corrosion. Compared with the RC segment, the maximum flexural load reduction of the SFRC segment hinders the broad application range of the TBM tunnel segment. Therefore, GFRP plate was considered as a stiffener for the maximum load increase of SFRC segment, and structural synthetic fiber without corrosive concern was used as a substitute for steel fiber. The flexural performance of the segment was evaluated by using the type of reinforcing fiber and GFRP plate thickness as the main parameters. As a result, the maximum load and the flexural toughness were increased by 21.78~23.03% and 0.5~7.96%, respectively, as compared with the segments reinforced with reinforcing fiber and GFRP plate of 3 mm thickness.

초록

Abstract

When a weak zone exists ahead of tunnel face, the stress in the adjacent area would increase due to the longitudinal arching effect and the stability of the tunnel is affected. Therefore, it is critical to prepare a countermeasure through the investigation of the frontal weakness zone of the excavated face. Although there are several researches to predict the existence of weak zone ahead of tunnel face, such as geophysical exploration, numerical analysis and tunnel support, lack of studies on the relaxation zone depending on the width or distance from the vulnerable area. In this study, the impact of the weak zone on the formation of the relaxation zone was investigated. For this purpose, a series of laboratory test were carried out varying the width of the weak zone and the separation distance between tunnel face and weak zone. In the model test, sand with a water content of 3.8% was used to form a model ground. The model weak zone was constructed with dry sand curtains. The tunnel face was adjusted to allow a sequential excavation of upper and lower half part. load cells were installed on the bottom of the foundation and the tunnel face and measuring instruments for displacement were installed on the surface of the model ground to measure the vertical stress and surface displacements due to tunnel excavation respectively. The test results show that the width of weak zone did not affect the ground settlement while the ground subsidence drastically increased within 0.25D. The vertical stress and horizontal stress increased from 0.5D or less. In addition, the longitudinal arching effect is likely within the 1.0D zone ahead of the tunnel face, which may reduce the vertical stress in the ground following tunneling direction.

초록

록볼트는 지하굴착 중 불연속 암반을 보강하기 위하여 흔히 사용하는 대표적인 지보재중의 하나이다. 용수가 많은 현장에서는 굴착 시공성을 개선하고 록볼트의 정착효과를증진하기 위하여 별도의 Drain pipe 설치하게 된다. Drain pipe는 배수경로를 제공하여 작업성 개선에 효과적이지만 지반보강효과를 기대하기 어렵고, 다수 설치 시 불연속 암반의 교란을 증가시키며, 공사비증가 요인이 된다. 이러한 문제를 개선하기 위하여 암반의 보강과 배수를 겸한 Dual purpose rockbolt (DPR)를 개발하였다. DPR은 신속하고, 경제적으로 암반의 역학적 ․ 수리적 안정성을 개선할 수 있었다. FRP (유리섬유 보강 플라스틱) 와 steel을 이용한 2가지 DPR을 개발하여 역학적 ․ 수리적 성능을 검토하였고, 시공성과 안정성을 분석하였다.

Abstract

Rockbolt is one of the most common supports used to reinforce discontinuous rock during underground excavation. Extra drain pipes are installed to improve excavation workability and the anchorage of rockbolts in water bearing ground. The drain pipe is effective in improving the workability by providing drainage path, but it is difficult to expect the reinforcement effect, increasing disturbance of the discontinuous rock mass and the construction cost. To solve this problem, dual purpose rockbolt (DPR) has been developed for the reinforcement of rock and the drainage of ground water. DPR was able to improve the mechanical and hydraulic stability of the rocks quickly and economically. Two kinds of DPRs using FRP (Fiber Reinforced Plastic) and steel were investigated for the mechanical and hydraulic performance. Also, the workability and stability of DPR were analyzed.

초록

수직구와 수평 터널 주위 지층 변화, 지진파 방향성이 접속부의 동적 거동 특성에 미치는영향을 연구하였다. 유한 요소 기반의 MIDAS GTS NX 프로그램을 이용한 3차원 시간이력 해석을 통해 검토하였다. 연구결과 연약지반에서 장주기의 지진파가 수평 터널 방향으로 발생하였을 때 접속부 상부에서 최대 변위가 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 수직구와 수평 터널의 서로 다른 거동 및 지층 경계면의 영향으로 인해 응력집중 현상이 발생하여 문제가 될 수 있음을 확인 할 수 있었다. 연구 결과는 수직구와 수평 터널의 접속부 구조물 내진설계를 위한 기초자료로 활용 될 수 있을 것으로기대된다.

Abstract

3D time history analysis was performed on vertical shaft-tunnel connection to provide insight into the dynamic stress-strain behavior of the connection considering the effects of soil layers, periodic characteristics and wave direction of earthquakes. MIDAS GTS NX based on FEM (Finite Element Method) was used for this study. From this study, it is revealed that the maximum displacement occurred at the upper part of the connection when the long period seismic waves propagate through the tunnel direction in soft ground. Also, stress concentration occurs due to different behaviors of vertical shaft and tunnel, and the stress concentration could be influence for safety on the connection. The results of this study could be useful for the seismic performance design of vertical shaft-tunnel connection.