바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

logo

Performing Nation-ness in South Korea during the 2002 Korea-Japan World Cup

Korea Journal / Korea Journal, (P)0023-3900; (E)2733-9343
2009, v.49 no.3, pp.93-120
https://doi.org/10.25024/kj.2009.49.3.93
(Nanyang Technological University)

  • Downloaded
  • Viewed

Abstract

The festive mass rally that took place in South Korea during the 2002 World Cup was more than a sporting event. As a way of understanding the national frenzy and people’s experiences during the World Cup, we interpret the mass festive rally as a form of social performance. In doing so, we portray this sporting event as a national stage, with Korean supporters as performers and the worldwide audience as spectators. This study uses the term “nation-ness” to encapsulate the idea of nation that links such disparate phenomena as nation, nationalism, and nationality. Through the examination of various performances within the rally, as well as of various reactions by the governmental, corporate, and public, it reveals that the spectacle contained three dimensions of performance: evolving processes, a betwixt-and-between, and everyday life. Attention to the performative aspects of the event contributes to illuminating this phenomenon as a set of evolving processes that are closely tied to contemporary South Korean society. Through analyzing South Koreans’ performance in the World Cup, we suggest that nation-ness was performed as cultural practices that were utilized for individual revelation, and as expressions of nationalism interwoven with globalism.

keywords
World Cup, globalization, nationalism, performance, South Korea

Reference

1.

Andrews, David. 2006. “Introduction: Playing with the Pleasure Principle.” The South Atlantic Quarterly 105.2: 269-276.

2.

Aslama, Minna, and Pantti Mervi. 2007. “Flagging Finnishness: Reproducing National Identity in Reality Television.” Television & New Media 8.1: 49-67.

3.

Bakhtin, Mikhail. 1984. Rabelias and His World. Translated by H. Iswolsky. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

4.

Bass, Amy. 2006. “Objectivity Be Damned, or Why I Go to the Olympic Games: A Hands-On Lesson in Performative Nationalism.” The South Atlantic Quarterly 105.2: 349-371.

5.

Billig, Michael. 1995. Banal Nationalism. London and Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

6.

Blau, Herbert. 2002. “The Dubious Spectacle of Collective Identity.” In The Dubious Spectacle: Extremities of Theater, 1976-2000, edited by H. Blau, 137-156. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press.

7.

Cho, Younghan. 2008. “The National Crisis and De/Reconstructing Nationalism in South Korea during the IMF Intervention.” Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 9.1: 82-96.

8.

Cho Han, Hye-joang. 2002. “FIFA-ui woldeukeop-eul neomeoseo” (Beyond FIFA’s World Cup). Dangdae bipyeong (Contemporary Criticism) 20: 24- 47.

9.

Cho Han. 2004. “Beyond the FIFA’s World Cup: and Ethnography of the ‘Local’ in South Korea around the 2002 World Cup.” Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 5.1: 8-26.

10.

Cho Han, Hae-joang, Yoshitake Mori, Toshiya Ueno, and Hiroki Ogasawara. 2004. “Introduction.” Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 5.1: 4-6.

11.

Choi, Yoon Sung. 2004. “Football and the South Korean Imagination: South Korea and the 2002 World Cup Tournaments.” In Football Goes East: Business, Culture and the People’s Game in China, Japan and South Korea, edited by W. Manzenreiter and J. Horne, 133-147. New York: Routledge.

12.

Hognestad, Hans. 2003. “Long-Distance Football Support and Liminal Identities Among Norwegian Fans.” In Sport, Dances and Embodied Identities, edited by D. Noel, 97-114. Oxford and New York: Berg.

13.

Hong, Sung-Tae. 2004. “The World Cup, the Red Devils, and Related Arguments in Korea.” Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 5.1: 89-105.

14.

Horne, John, and Wolfram Manzenreiter. 2004. “Accounting for Mega- Events: Forecast and Actual Impacts of the 2002 Football World Cup Finals on the Host Countries Japan/Korea.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 39.2: 187-203.

15.

Hoy, Mikita. 1994. “Joyful Mayhem: Bakhtin, Football Songs, and the Carnivalesque.” Text and Performance Quarterly 14: 289-304.

16.

Hyun, Kyoung. 2002. “Yeoseong-do dangdanghan juche” (Women as Rightful and Equal Subjects). Hangyoreh, July 3.

17.

Jeong, Jinwoong. 2002. “Bulgeun mulgyeol hyeonsang-eul tonghaebon 2002 woldeukeop” (Reading the Red Flow during the 2002 World Cup). Dangdae bipyeong (Contemporary Criticism) 20: 8-23.

18.

Kim, Hyun Mee. 2004. “Feminization of the 2002 World Cup and Women’s Fandom.” Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 5.1: 42-51.

19.

Kim, Hyun Mee. 2005. Geullobeol sidae-ui munhwa byeonhyeok (Cultural Translation in a Global Era). Seoul: Tto Hanaui Moonhwa.

20.

Kim, Young Sam. 1996. Korea’s Reform and Globalization. Seoul: Korean Overseas Information Service.

21.

Kwon, Hyukbum. 2002. “World Cup ‘gungmin chukje,’ dongnipjeok jiseongeun eodi-e inneun-ga” (South Korea, Sucked into the Black Hole of the World Cup, the “Gungmin Festival”). Dangdae bipyeong (Contemporary Criticism) 20: 62-89.

22.

Levermore, Roger. 2004. “Sport’s Role in Constructing the ‘Inter-State’ Worldview.” In Sport and International Relations: An Emerging Relationship, edited by R. Levermore and A. Budd, 16-30. London and New York: Routledge.

23.

MacAloon, John J. 1984. “Olympic Games and the Theory of Spectacle in Modern Societies.” In Rite, Drama, Festival, Spectacle: Rehearsals Toward a Theory of Cultural Performance, edited by J. J. MacAloon, 241-280. Philadelphia, PA: Institute for the Study of Human Issues. Manzenreiter, Wolfram. 2004a. “Her Place in the ‘House of Football’: Globalization, Cultural Sexism and Women’s Football in East Asian Societies.” In Football Goes East: Business, Culture and the People’s Game in China, Japan and South Korea, edited by W. Manzenreiter and J. Horne, 197-221. New York: Routledge.

24.

Manzenreiter, Wolfram. 2004a. “Her Place in the ‘House of Football’: Globalization, Cultural Sexism and Women’s Football in East Asian Societies.” In Football Goes East: Business, Culture and the People’s Game in China, Japan and South Korea, edited by W. Manzenreiter and J. Horne, 197-221. New York: Routledge.

25.

MacAloon, John J., ed. 2004b. Football Goes East: Business, Culture and the People’s Game in China, Japan and South Korea. New York: Routledge.

26.

Marcus, George E. 1995. “Ethnography in/of the World System: The Emergence of Multi-Sited Ethnography.” Annual Review of Anthropology 24: 95-117.

27.

Moor, Liz. 2006. “‘The Buzz of Dressing’: Commodity Culture, Fraternity and Football Fandom.” The South Atlantic Quarterly 105.2: 327-348.

28.

Nogawa, Haruo. 2004. “An International Comparison of the Motivations and Experiences of Volunteers at the 2002 World Cup.” In Football Goes East: Business, Culture and the People’s Game in China, Japan and South Korea, edited by W. Manzenreiter and J. Horne, 222-242. New York: Routledge.

29.

SK Telecom. 2002a. “Let’s Learn the Cheering Song” (29 sec; from TVCF, WMV). http://www.tvcf.co.kr/CfKorea/MediaView/CmKoViewPrem.asp?code=2456cmko&ADZINESPCBANK=(accessed November 10, 2007).

30.

SK Telecom. 2002b. “Red Devil Clapping” (32 sec; from TVCF, WMV). http://www.tvcf.co.kr/CfKorea/MediaView/CmKoViewPrem.asp?code=2455cmko&ADZINESPCBANK=(accessed November 10, 2007).

31.

Schaffer, Kay, and Sidonie Smith. 2000. “The Olympics of the Everyday.” In The Olympics at the Millennium: Power Politics and the Games, edited by Kay Schaffer and Sidonie Smith, 213-223. New Brunswick, New Jersey and London: Rutgers University Press.

32.

Schechner, Richard. 1997. Ritual, Play and Performance. New York: The Seabury Press.

33.

Schechner, Richard. 2002. Performance Studies: An Introduction. London and New York: Routledge.

34.

Shim, Doobo, and Joseph Sung-Yul Park. 2008. “The Language Politics of ‘English Fever’ in South Korea.” Korea Journal 48.2: 136-159.

35.

Shin, Gi-Wook. 2006. Ethnic Nationalism in Korea: Genealogy, Politics, and Legacy. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

36.

Shin, Kwang-Young. 2000. “The Discourse of Crisis and the Crisis of Discourse.” Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 1.3: 427-442.

37.

Smith, Anthony D. 1999. Myths and Memories of the Nation. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.

38.

Taylor, Diana. 1997. Disappearing Acts: Spectacles of Gender and Nationalism in Argentina’s “Dirty Wars.” Durham and London: Duke University Press.

39.

Tomlinson, A., and C. Young. 2005. National Identity and Global Sports Events: Culture, Politics, and Spectacle in the Olympics and the Football World Cup. New York: State University of New York Press.

40.

Turner, Victor. 1969. The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure. Chicago: Aldine.

41.

Turner, Victor. 1982. From Ritual to Theatre: The Human Seriousness of Play. New York: Performing Arts Journal Publications.

42.

Ueno, Toshiya. 2004. “Toward a Trans-local Comparative Analysis of the 2002 World Cup.” Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 5.1: 115-123.

43.

Whang, Soon-Hee. 2005. “Korean and Japan 2002: Public Space and Popular Celebration.” In National Identity and Global Sports Events: Culture, Politics, and Spectacle in the Olympics and the Football World Cup, edited by A. Tomlinson and C. Young, 214-231. New York: State University of New York Press.

44.

Williams, Raymond. 1977. Marxism and Literature. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

45.

Yoon, Sangchul, and Minseok Ahn. 2003. Woldeukeop sinhwa-wa hyeonsil (World Cup, Myth and Reality). Seoul: Hanwool Academy.

Korea Journal