바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

logo

Gobonji as a Phenomenon of Ethnic Entrepreneurship among the Koryo-saram in the Soviet Second Economy

Korea Journal / Korea Journal, (P)0023-3900; (E)2733-9343
2016, v.56 no.4, pp.92-119
https://doi.org/10.25024/kj.2016.56.4.92
GermanKim (Kazakh State National Univ.)

  • Downloaded
  • Viewed

Abstract

This article aims to make clear the nature of gobonji as a form of the Soviet second economy and to clarify its major constant and variable features as a kind of ethnic entrepreneurship. The most distinguishing characteristic of gobonji is that it was exclusively practiced by Koryo-saram (ethnic Koreans in Central Asia). Thus, one cannot deny the importance of gobonji in that practically all Soviet Koreans were engaged in it, or at least familiar with it, in one way or another during the Soviet period. Koreans acquired their first skills in entrepreneurship through gobonji, which created the initial material and financial basis for active integration into the market economy of the post-Soviet period. Gobonji also played a role in preserving the ethnic specificity of Koryo-saram, including elements of their traditional culture and native tongue.

keywords
gobonji, central Asia, ethnic Koreans, Koryo-saram, second economy, ethnic entrepreneurship

Reference

1.

Back, Thae Hyeon. 2001. “Kobondzhil’ koreitsev Srednei Azii i kazakhstana” (Gobonjil of Koreans in Central Asia and Kazakhstan). PhD diss., Bishkek University.

2.

Back, Thae Hyeon. 2004. “The Social Reality faced by Ethnic Koreans in Central Asia.” Korean and Korean American Studies Bulletin 12.2-3: 45–88.

3.

Baker, C. B., and E. R. Swanson. 1964. “Farm Organization in the U.S.S.R.” Illinois Agricultural Economics 4.1: 36–40.

4.

Brooks, Karen. 1988. “Soviet Union: The Anomaly of Private-cum-Socialist Agriculture: Discussion.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 70.2: 437– 438.

5.

Bugai, Nikolai F. 2008. Koreitsy Rossii: voprosy ekonomiki i kul’tury (Koreans of Russia: The Questions of Economy and Culture). Moscow: Grif and K.

6.

Gagnon, V. P., Jr. 1987. “Gorbachev and the Collective Contract Brigade.” Soviet Studies 39.1: 1–23.

7.

Hanson, P. 1964. “The Structure and Efficiency of Soviet Retailing and Wholesaling.” Soviet Studies 16.2: 186–208.

8.

Hwan, Alexandr. 1959. “Luk karatal’skii” (Karatalsky Onion). Sel’skoe khoziaistvo Kazakhstana (Agriculture of Kazakhstan) 76: 81–82.

9.

Karcz, Jerzi F. 1964. “Quantitative Analysis of the Collective Farm Market.” American Economic Review 54.4: 315–334.

10.

Khan, Valerii S. 2005. “O sootnoshchenii gobonji i form zemledeliia u koreitsev na dorevoliutsionnom rossiiskom Dal’nem Vostoke v pervye gody sovetskoi vlasti” (On the Relation between Gobonji and Forms of Agriculture of Koreans in the Pre-revolutionary Russian Far East during the First Years of Soviet Power). Izvestiia koreevedeniia kazakhstana (Proceedings of Korean Studies in Kazakhstan) 1/2.10: 123.

11.

Khan, Valerii S. 2007. “K istoriografii izucheniia gobonji” (On the Historiography of the Study of Gobonji). Izvestiia koreevedeniia Kazakhstana (Proceedings of Korean Studies in Kazakhstan) 5.13: 275–286.

12.

Khan, Valerii S. 2009. “Kobonji v 80-90-e gody XX veka” (Gobonji in the 1980–90s of the Twentieth Century). Izvestiia koreevedeniia Kazakhstana (Proceedings of Korean Studies in Kazakhstan) 8.10: 180–191.

13.

Khavina, Svetlana, and Leonid Superfin. 1986. “Burzhuaznaia teoriia vtoroi ekonomiki” (Bourgeois Theory of the Second Economy). Voprosy ekonomiki (Problems of Economics) 11: 104–112.

14.

Kho, Songmoo. 1986. “Koreans in Soviet Central Asia.” Studia Orientalia 61: 76–77.

15.

Kim, German N. 1989. Sotsial’no-kul’turnoe razvitie koreitsev kazakhstana (Sociocultural Development of Koreans in Kazakhstan). Alma-Ata: Nauka.

16.

Kim, German N. 1993. “Culture and Language of Koryo-saram.” Seoul Journal of Korean Studies 6: 125–153.

17.

Kim, German N. 2000. Koryo saram: Istoriografiya I bibliografiya (Koryo-saram: Historiography and Bibliography). Almaty: Kazak University.

18.

Kim, German N. 2005. “Origin of Korean Settlements in Kazakhstan.” Paper presented at the Autumn Conference for the Korean Housing Association, Seoul, May 28.

19.

Kim, German N. 2009. “Ethnic Entrepreneurship of Koreans in the USSR and post- Soviet Central Asia.” V.R.F. Series 445, Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization, Chiba, Japan.

20.

Kwon, Hee-Young, and Valery Khan. 2004. Jungangasia chowon-ui yurang nongeop: ujeubekiseutan goryeosaram-ui gobonji yeongu (Central Asian Nomadic Grassland Farming: Research on Gobonji of Koryo-saram in Uzbekistan). Seoul: Academy of Korean Studies.

21.

Li, Geron N. 2000. Kobondi. Zapiski nabljudatelja o ljubvi koreitsev k zemle (Gojonji. Notes of an Observer on Koreans’ Love to Soil). Bishkek: Ilchi.

22.

Luxenburg, Norman. 1971. “Soviet Agriculture since Khrushchev.” Russian Review 30.1: 64–68.

23.

Mamedov, Ali M. 1969. Irrigatsiia Srednei Azii (Irrigation in Central Asia). Moscow: Progress.

24.

Nasekin, Nikolai. 1904. “Koreitsy Priamurskogo kraia” (The Koreans of the Primorsky Krai). Zhurnal ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniia (Journal of the Ministry of Education) 3: 1–61.

25.

Newth, John A. 1961. “Soviet Agriculture: The Private Sector 1950–1959.” Soviet Studies 13.2: 160–171.

26.

Nove, Alec. 1970. “Soviet Agriculture under Brezhnev.” Slavic Review 29.3: 379– 410.

27.

Pospielovsky, Dimitry. 1970. “The ‘Link System’ in Soviet Agriculture.” Soviet Studies 21.4: 411–435.

28.

Prybyla, Jan S. 1962. “Problems of Soviet Agriculture.” Journal of Farm Economics 44.3: 820–836.

29.

Sel’khozkoreitsy. n.d. “V khizhine dyadi Toma Zarozhdayetsya novyy klass orskikh zemledel'tsev” (In Uncle Tom's Cabin. A New Class of Marine Farmers Is Born). Accessed December 20, 2012. http://www.free-lance.ru/users/favaro1/ upload/f_482c74f01cd3a.doc.

30.

Shreider, David I. 1897. Nash Dal’nii Vostok:Tri goda v Ussuriiskom krae (Our Far East: Three Years in the Ussuri Region). St. Petersburg: Tip. A. F. Devrien.

31.

Shumakov, Boris A. 1969. Oroshenie v zasushlivoi zone Evropeiskoi chasti SSSR (Irrigation in a Drought Zone of the European Part of the USSR). Moscow: Progress.

32.

Vagin, Vsevolod I. 1875. “Koreitsy na Amure” (The Koreans on the Amur). Sbornik istoricheskikh i statisticheskikh svedenii o Sibiri i sopredel’nykh ei stranakh (Collection of Historical and Statistical Information about Siberia and Its Neighboring Countries) 1: 1–29.

33.

Volin, Lazar. 1959. “Soviet Agriculture under Khrushchev.” American Economic Review 49.2: 15–32.

34.

Whitman, John T. 1956. “The Kolkhoz Market.” Soviet Studies 7.4: 384–408.

Korea Journal