E-ISSN : 2733-4538
During the remission period, a lot of schizophrenia patients still suffer from various psychological problems which may affect outcomes. This study intended not only to investigate psychological issues of schizophrenia patients who were in remission state, but also to divide patients into their acute symptoms. Thirty remission state patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia were assessed for various psychological issues and characteristics using the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). Patients who had experienced auditory hallucinations complained of only somatic problems. However, non-hallucinating patients had more psychosocial problems, such as depression and anxiety, and felt the blocked from social relationships. Our data suggested that patients who had experienced auditory hallucinations and those who had never experienced them during the acute phase of their illness may have different psychological characteristics after their acute symptoms subside. The limitations of this study and suggested directions for future research were discussed.
김나라 (2004). 정신분열병의 회복에 관한 연구. 고려대학교대학원 석사학위 논문.
김연수 (1995). 정신장애인의 삶의 만족도와 사회적 지지에 관한 연구. 이화여자대학교대학원 석사학위 논문.
김영환, 김지혜, 오상우, 임영란, 홍상황 (2001). PAI 표준화 연구: 신뢰도와 타당도. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 20(2), 311-329.
김진용, 강시현, 김수정, 곽경현, 김창윤 (2007). 정신증 환자의 증상과 기능에 대한 간략형 평가 척도의 타당도 및 신뢰도. 신경정신의학, 46(5), 492-498.
박동연, 이유상, 조은영, 조승희, 장용이, 전현옥, 장수연, 윤세창, 김종원, 홍경수 (2005). 정신분열병과 Neuregulin 1 유전자의 연합연구. 신경정신의학, 44(3), 287 -294.
이상균 (1992). 정신건강에 대한 지역사회기반의 사회사업실천에 관한 연구. 서울대학교대학원 석사학위 논문.
이승환, 최병훈, 송형석, 정영조, 서광윤 (2004). 치료저항성 환청을 지닌 정신분열병 환자의 임상특성 및 신경인지기능. 신경정신의학, 43(3), 288-295.
주은정 (2003). DIGS-K의 개발과 활용. Schizophrenia Clinics, 6(1), 19-23.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Edition ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association
Barnes, T. R. E., Liddle, P. F., Curson, D. A., & Patel, M. (1989). Negative symptoms, tardive dyskinesia and depression in chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 99-103
Bartels, S. J., & Drake, R. E. (1988). Depressive symptoms in schizophrenia: comprehensive differential diagnosis. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 29, 467-483.
Baynes, D., Mulholland, C., Cooper, S. J., Montgomery, R. C., MacFlynn, G., Lynch, G., Kelly, C., & King, D. J. (2000). Depressive symptoms in stable chronic schizophrenia: prevalence and relationship to psychopathology and treatment. Schizophrenia Research, 45, 47-56.
Carl, I. C., Chadi, G. A., & Shilpa, D. (2010) Suicide attempts and associated factors in older adults with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 119, 253-257.
Cho, E, Y., Lee, Y. S., Choi, K, S., Jang, Y. L., Cho, S. H., Jeun, H. O., Kim, J. W., & Hong, K. S. (2004). Suggestive evidence for linkage of schizophrenia to chromosome 8p21-12 in multiplex Korean families. Psychiatry Investigation, 1, 61-67.
Conley, R. R. (2009). The burden of depressive symptoms in people with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 32(4), 853-861.
Fenton, W. S. (2000). Depression, suicide, and suicide prevention in schizophrenia. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 30, 34-49.
Glazer, W., Prusoff, B., John, K., & Williams, D. (1981). Depression and social adjustment among chronic schizophrenic outpatients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 169, 712-717.
Goodwin, D. W., Alderson, P., & Rosenthal, R. (1971). Clinical significance of hallucination in psychiatric disorders: A study of 116 hallucinatory patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 24, 76-80.
Guillem, F., Pampoulova, T., Stip, E., Lalonde, P., & Todorov, C. (2005). The Relationships between symptom dimensions and dysphoria in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 75, 83-96.
Guy, W. (1976). ECDEU Assessment for Psychopharmacology, Revised Edition. Rockville, MD: NIMH Publication.
Hafner, H., Loffler, W., Maurer K., Hambrecht, M., & an der Heiden, W. (1999). Depression, negative symptoms, social stagnation and social decline in the early course of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 100, 105-118.
Harding, C. M. (1988). Course types in schizophrenia: An analysis of European and American studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 14, 633-643.
Lieberman, J., Jody, D., Geisler, S., Alvir, J., Loebel, A., Szymanski, S., Woerner, M., & Borenstein, M. (1993). Time course and biological correlates of treatment response in first-episode schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 390-376.
Mandel, M. R., Severe, J. B., Schooler N, R., Gelenberg, A. J., & Mieske, M. (1982). Development and prediction of postpsychotic depression in neuroleptic-treated schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 197-203.
Maurizio, P., David, L., Alessandro, G., Marco, I., Fulvia, C., Paolo, I., Eleonora, D. P., Roberto, T., & Paolo, G. (2009). Completed suicide in schizophrenia: Evidence from a case-control study. Psychiatry Research 167 (2009) 251–.257
McGlashan, T. H., & Carpenter, W. T. Jr. (1976). Post-psychotic depression in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 231-239.
Morey, L. C. (1991) The Personality Assessment Inventory Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Morrison, A. P., Haddock, G., & Tarrier, N. (1995) Intrusive thoughts and auditory hallucinations: A cognitive approach. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23, 265-280.
Pallanti, S., Quercioli, L., & Hollander. E. (2004). Social anxiety in outpatients with schizophrenia: a relevant cause of disability. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 53-58.
Penn, D. L., Hope, D. A., Spaulding, W. D., & Kucera, J. (1994). Social anxiety in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 11, 277-284.
Sands, J. R., & Harrow, M. (1999). Depression during the longitudinal course of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25, 157-171.
Siris, S. G. (1991). Diagnosis of secondary depression in schizophrenia: implications for DSM-IV. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 17, 75-98.
Siris, S. G. (2000). Depression in Schizophrenia: Perspective in the era of ‘atypical’ antipsychotic agents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1379-1389.
Siris, S. G., Strahan, A., Mandeli, J., Cooper, T. B., & Casey, E. (1988). Fluphenazine decanoate dose and severity of depression in patients with post-psychotic depression. Schizophrenia Research, 1, 31-35.
Spielberger, C. D. (1966). Anxiety and Behavior. New York: Academic Press,
Spielberger, C. D. Gosuch R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Self-evaluation Questionnaire). Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Verghese, A., John, J. K., Rajkumar, S., Richard, J., Sethi, B. B., & Trivedi, J. K. (1989). Factors associated with the course and outcome of schizophrenia in India. Results of a two-year multicentre follow-up study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 499-503.