1. Adekoya N, Thurman DJ, White DD, Webb KW. Surveillance for traumatic brain injury deaths - United States, 1989-1998. Morb Mort Weekly Rept Surveill Summ. 2002;51:1-14.

2. Firsching R, Woischneck D. Present status of neurosurgical trauma in Germany. World J Surg. 2001;25:1221-1223.

3. Engberg A, Teasdale TW. Traumatic brain injury in children in Denmark: a national 15-year study. Eur J Epidemiol. 1998;14:165- 173.

4. Masson F, Thicoipe M, Aye P, Mokni T, Senjean P, Schmitt V, Dessalles PH, Cazau- gade M, Labadens P; Aquitaine Group for Severe Brain Injuries Study. Epidemiology ofsevere brain injuries: a prospective population- based study. J Trauma-Inj Infect Crit Care. 2001;51:481-489. (251)

5. Song SH, Kim SH, Kim KT, Kim Y.Outcome of pediatric patients with severe brain injury in Korea: a comparison with reports in the west. Childs Nervous System. 1997;13:82-86.

6. Gururaj G: Epidemiology of traumatic brain injuries: Indian scenario. Neurol Res. 2002;24: 24-28.

7. Hawley CA, Ward AB, Magnay AR, Long J.Parental stress and burden following traumatic brain injury amongst children and adolescents. Brain Inj. 2003;17:1-23.

8. McGarry LJ, Thompson D, Millham FH, Cowell L, Snyder PJ, Lenderking WR, Weinstein MC. Outcomes and costs of acute treatment of traumatic brain injury. J Trauma- Inj Infect Crit Care. 2002;53:1152-1159.

9. Sosin DM, Sniezek JE, Waxweiler RJ.Trends in death associated with traumatic brain injury, 1979 through 1992. Success and failure. JAMA. 1995;273:1778-1780.

10. Clifton GL, Miller ER, Choi SC, Levin HS, McCauley S, Smith KR Jr, Muizelaar JP, Wagner FC Jr, Marion DW, Luerssen TG, Chesnut RM, Schwartz M. Lack of effect of induction of hypothermia after acute brain injury. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(8):556-563.

11. Ikonomidou C, Turski L. Why did NMDA receptor antagonists fail clinical trials for stroke and traumatic brain injury? Lancet Neurol. 2002;1:383-386.

12. Narayan RK, Michel ME, Ansell B, Baeth- mann A, Biegon A, Bracken MB, Bullock MR, Choi SC, Clifton GL, Contant CF, Coplin WM, Dietrich WD, Ghajar J, Grady SM, Grossman RG, Hall ED, Heetderks W, Hovda DA, Jallo J, Katz RL, Knoller N, Kochanek PM, Maas AI, Majde J, Marion DW, Marmarou A, Marshall LF, McIntosh TK, Miller E, Mohberg N, Muizelaar JP, Pitts LH, Quinn P, Riesenfeld G, Robertson CS, Strauss KI, Teasdale G, Temkin N, Tuma R, Wade C, Walker MD, Weinrich M, Whyte J, Wilberger J, Young AB, Yurkewicz L. Clinical trials in head injury. J Neurotrauma. 2002;19(5):503-557.

13. Lenzlinger PM, Morganti-Kossmann MC, Laurer HL, McIntosh TK. The duality of the inflammatory response to traumatic brain injury. Mol Neurobiol. 2001;24:169-181.

14. Liou AK, Clark RS, Henshall DC, Yin XM, Chen J.To die or not to die for neurons in ischemia, traumatic brain injury and epilepsy: a review on the stress-activated signaling pathways and apoptotic pathways. Prog Neur- obiol. 2003;69:103-142.

15. Lockshin RA. Programmed cell death. Activation of lysis by a mechanism involving the synthesis of protein. J Insect Physiol. 1969;15:1505-1516.

16. Marovitz WF, Shugar JM, Khan KM. The role of cellular degeneration in the normal develop- ment of (rat) otocyst. Laryngoscope. 1976;86: 1413-1425.

17. Webster DA, Gross J. Studies on possible mechanisms of programmed cell death in the chick embryo. Dev Biol. 1970;22:157-184.

18. Graham SH, Chen J, Clark RS. Bcl-2 family gene products in cerebral ischemia and traum- atic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2000;17: 831-841.(252)

19. Heojun. Dongyibogam. Yeogang Publisher. Seoul. 2005;352, 353, 608, 1066.

20. Chen Y, Wei L, Ma M, Wu G, Zhang G and Wei Z. Effect of jiawei shenqi dihuang tang on the content of urinary protein in patients with diabetic nephrothy. J Tradit Chin Med. 1997;17:184-186.

21. Wang, J and DS Zhang. Effect of Shenqi-wan on immunological function in the nephrotic syndrome of chronic glomerulonephritis pati- ents. Zhong Xi Yi Jie Za Zhi. 1987;7:731- 733.

22. Charriaut-Marlangue C, Ben-Ari Y. A cauti- onary note on the use of the TUNEL stain to determine apoptosis. Neuroreport. 1995;7:61-64.

23. Zhang X, Satchell MA, Clark RSB, Nathaniel PD, Kochanek PM, Graham SH. Apoptosis. In Brain Injury. Edited by Clark RSB, Kochanek PM. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2001;199-230.

24. Zou H, Henzel WJ, Liu X, Lutschg A, Wang X. Apaf-1, a human protein homologous to C. elegans CED-4, participates in cytochrome c-dependent activation of caspase-3. Cell. 1997;90:405-413.

25. Kaya SS, Mahmood A, Li Y, Yavuz E, Goksel M, Chopp M. Apoptosis and expression of p53 response proteins and cyclin D1 after cortical impact in rat brain. Brain Res. 1999;6;818(1) :23-33.

26. Wennersten A, Holmin S, Mathiesen T. Characterization of Bax and Bcl-2 in apoptosis after experimental traumatic brain injury in the rat. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 2003;105(3): 281-288.

27. Liu J, Solway K, Messing RO, Sharp FR. Increased neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus after transient global ischemia in gerbils. J Neurosci. 1998;18:7768-7778.

28. Jiang W, Gu W, Brannstrom T, Rosqvist R, Wester P. Cortical neurogenesis in adult rats after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke. 2001;32:1201-1207.

29. Takasawa K, Kitagawa K, Yagita Y, Sasaki T, Tanaka S, Matsushita K, Ohstuki T, Miyata T, Okano H, Hori M, Matsumoto M. Increased proliferation of neural progenitor cells but reduced survival of newborn cells in the contralateral hippocampus after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2002;22:299-307.

30. Gould E, Tanapat P. Stress and hippocampal neurogenesis. Biol. Psychiatry. 1999;46:1472- 1479.

31. Squire LR, Zola SM. Ischemic brain damage and memory impairment: a commentary. Hipp- ocampus. 1996;6:546-552.

32. Zhangji. Jinguiyaolue. Jiwenshuju. Taibei. 1972; 383-385.

33. Judangye. Dangyeshimbeop. Daesung Publisher. Seoul. 1982;503-509.

34. Lee JH, Yang HU, Park SM. Effect of Schisandrae Fructus on Cultured Mouse Cerebral Neurons Damaged by Hydrogen Peroxide. Korean Journal of Oriental Physio- logy and Pathology. 2003;17(1):101-104.

35. Park SH, Han JH. A Study of Medicinal Plants for Applications in Functional Foods 1. Effects of Schizandrae fructus on the Regional Cerebral Blood Flow and Blood Pressure in Rats. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition. 2004;33(1):34-40.

36. Kim SO, Yoon DH, Na CS. Effect of Cervus Elaphus-Herbal Acupuncture on Focal Ischemia Induced by Inserted Intraluminal Filament in MCA of Rats. The Korean Journal of Meridian and Acupoint. 2005;22(4):67-81. (253)

37. Kim YT, Son YS, Jin SH, Han SW, Shim IS, Lim S, Lee HI. The effects of cervus elaphus on the growth and the interllectual develop- ment of animals. The Journal of Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society. 2001;18 (5):122-134.

38. Shin HT, Chung SH, Lee JS, Kim SS, Shin HD, Jang MH, Shin MC, Bahn GH, Paik EK, Park JH, Kim CJ. Protective effect of Shenqi-wan against H2O2-induced apoptosis in hippocampal neuronal cells. Am J Chin Med. 2003;31(5):675-686.

39. Yang S, Zhou W, Zhang Y, Yan C, Zhao Y. Effects of LiuweiDihuang decoction on ion channels and synaptic transmission in cultured hippocampal neuron of rat. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;30;106(2):166-172.