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In fur-thering, the existing patronage/clientilist networks in local politics They alsoneed to upset and eventually crack the long dominance of pro-gov-ernment and neighborhood organizations These pseudo-civil soci-ety groups are an embarrassing relic of our authoritarian past inwhich the autocratic regimes used these demographically unrepre-sentative and professionally incompetent orga-nizations to propagate and implement its official policy lines local civil society groupsshould create and develop networks and solidarity with groups inother regions and take advantage of technology to promote the cyberparticipation of local residents,

In the long haul, local civil society must gradually decrease itsdependence on national civil society assistance and support from national civil society groups willprove essential National civil society groups must put local democra-cy very high on their agenda and make concerted efforts at pressur-ing national and local politicians to implement necessary institutionaland legal steps to make policymaking process more open,

but no similar progress has taken placeat the local level, after nearly two decades since the transitionfrom authoritarian rule in 1987 stands at best crippled There havebeen significant strides in national politics owing to the active contri-bution of civil society groups As long as local politics stays clientilistic and localcivil society is dominated by anti-democratic forces Korean democra-cy has to bear the ignominy of being called a two-tier or two-speed democracy,

In this respect, (kolesas19981998) As long as real politics is out there at thenational level and as long as local politics is con-sidered to be an epiphenomenon of national politics Korean democ-racy is far from having been fully consolidated or deepened Only when we bring aboutnumerous micro-level changes at the local level The Making of Citizenship in Argentinian Local Poli-tics,

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