Korea Journal
- P-ISSN0023-3900
- E-ISSN2733-9343
- A&HCI, SCOPUS, KCI
65권 1호
초록
The prevalent concentration of certain immigrant groups in the apparel sector has led to the misconception that ethnic or cultural characteristics are the sole determinants of the industry’s informal business and employment practices. This research seeks to explore how informal employment practices have emerged and evolved within the Korean wholesale sector of the Argentine garment industry, challenging the notion that these practices are solely a result of ethnicity. Utilizing ethnographic research conducted in Argentina, the study shows that strong government policies and regulations regarding formal employment, as well as distinct working styles and cultures between Koreans and Argentines, have prompted Korean employers to adopt formal management practices with their Argentine employees. In contrast, they often prefer informal, trust-based labor relations with co-ethnic employees, relying on non-contractual employment arrangements. Additionally, the study reveals that Argentine entrepreneurs also exhibit a high degree of informality in employment, indicating that informal practices are not exclusive to immigrants or specific ethnic groups within the sector. The findings suggest that ethnic business practices and performances should be seen as the result of a complex interplay of individual, ethnic, and contextual factors, intricately intertwined with broader economic, social, and political conditions, rather than being simply categorized as formal or informal.
Abstract
The prevalent concentration of certain immigrant groups in the apparel sector has led to the misconception that ethnic or cultural characteristics are the sole determinants of the industry’s informal business and employment practices. This research seeks to explore how informal employment practices have emerged and evolved within the Korean wholesale sector of the Argentine garment industry, challenging the notion that these practices are solely a result of ethnicity. Utilizing ethnographic research conducted in Argentina, the study shows that strong government policies and regulations regarding formal employment, as well as distinct working styles and cultures between Koreans and Argentines, have prompted Korean employers to adopt formal management practices with their Argentine employees. In contrast, they often prefer informal, trust-based labor relations with co-ethnic employees, relying on non-contractual employment arrangements. Additionally, the study reveals that Argentine entrepreneurs also exhibit a high degree of informality in employment, indicating that informal practices are not exclusive to immigrants or specific ethnic groups within the sector. The findings suggest that ethnic business practices and performances should be seen as the result of a complex interplay of individual, ethnic, and contextual factors, intricately intertwined with broader economic, social, and political conditions, rather than being simply categorized as formal or informal.
초록
Based on focus group interviews with North Korean refugees in South Korea, we examine divorce in North Korea to reassess prevalent assumptions about state-society opposition. We focus on the role of tradition to analyze what the values and practices attached to family preservation reveal about everyday behavior under Our Style (urisik) socialism. State restrictions on divorce have been viewed as a feature of repressive social control. However, interview results show that the lived experience of socialism as Korean tradition produced a state-society symbiosis in key aspects of daily life such as family preservation. According to refugees, (1) family values are strongly tied to traditional conceptions reformulated as revolutionary obligations; and (2) family preservation as correct socialist ethics is reinforced by the conditions of post-crisis economic survival, which have made economically empowered women working in jangmadang (markets) ironically more vulnerable to marital instability, while leaving male domination embedded in Our Style socialism uncontested. The infusion of tradition into the indoctrination of family preservation has stabilized the prevailing gender order known as namjon nyeobi (superior men, inferior women), and the political system itself.
Abstract
Based on focus group interviews with North Korean refugees in South Korea, we examine divorce in North Korea to reassess prevalent assumptions about state-society opposition. We focus on the role of tradition to analyze what the values and practices attached to family preservation reveal about everyday behavior under Our Style (urisik) socialism. State restrictions on divorce have been viewed as a feature of repressive social control. However, interview results show that the lived experience of socialism as Korean tradition produced a state-society symbiosis in key aspects of daily life such as family preservation. According to refugees, (1) family values are strongly tied to traditional conceptions reformulated as revolutionary obligations; and (2) family preservation as correct socialist ethics is reinforced by the conditions of post-crisis economic survival, which have made economically empowered women working in jangmadang (markets) ironically more vulnerable to marital instability, while leaving male domination embedded in Our Style socialism uncontested. The infusion of tradition into the indoctrination of family preservation has stabilized the prevailing gender order known as namjon nyeobi (superior men, inferior women), and the political system itself.
초록
This study examines the historical and social factors that have been driving the development and transformation of common pastures on Jeju Island since premodern times and categorizes those factors, helping to establish a social theory, change-inspired approach to understanding the commons and their changes in South Korea. This study holds that mainstream approaches that focus on the microeconomic choices of individual commoners—particularly the neoinstitutionalist approach—are too limited in scope to capture and explain the complex changes that have engulfed commons in Korea, a society that has a tumultuous modern and contemporary history involving colonization, civil war, decades of state violence, and a strong drive for development and industrialization. This study traces the history of pastureland in Jeju and particularly focuses on the institutional and policy factors on the state side and the industrial and technological factors on the market side that have driven the transformation of common pastures on the island in modern times.
Abstract
This study examines the historical and social factors that have been driving the development and transformation of common pastures on Jeju Island since premodern times and categorizes those factors, helping to establish a social theory, change-inspired approach to understanding the commons and their changes in South Korea. This study holds that mainstream approaches that focus on the microeconomic choices of individual commoners—particularly the neoinstitutionalist approach—are too limited in scope to capture and explain the complex changes that have engulfed commons in Korea, a society that has a tumultuous modern and contemporary history involving colonization, civil war, decades of state violence, and a strong drive for development and industrialization. This study traces the history of pastureland in Jeju and particularly focuses on the institutional and policy factors on the state side and the industrial and technological factors on the market side that have driven the transformation of common pastures on the island in modern times.
초록
This article analyzes Yu Hyun-mok’s experimental exploration and cinematic style within the context of the 1960s Korean film industry by conducting a comparative study of his film The Empty Dream (1965) with its original screenplay and scenes from the Japanese film Daydream (1964). What sets this study apart is its textual analysis through an examination of both the films and their respective screenplays. While both films are erotic in nature, explicit eroticism dominates in Daydream. The aesthetic achievement of Daydream lies in its treatment of reality using a fantastical atmosphere, a sophisticated mise-en-scène that expresses the structural circulation of reality and fantasy. The Empty Dream had two different screenplays: the screenplay for the Film Production Declaration, which replaced the opening and closing scenes of the Japanese version, and the final screenplay for dubbing, which returned the opening and closing scenes but differentiated itself from the Japanese version by the use of montage techniques and an expressionistic style. In directing The Empty Dream, Yu selectively incorporated visual elements from both versions of the screenplay, creating an experimental artistic film rare in South Korean cinema at the time. While film scholarship has often discussed The Empty Dream as a representative text in the history of censorship of obscenity, this article argues that the creative essence of the film is its combining imitation of the Japanese screenplay with the director’s artistic experimentation.
Abstract
This article analyzes Yu Hyun-mok’s experimental exploration and cinematic style within the context of the 1960s Korean film industry by conducting a comparative study of his film The Empty Dream (1965) with its original screenplay and scenes from the Japanese film Daydream (1964). What sets this study apart is its textual analysis through an examination of both the films and their respective screenplays. While both films are erotic in nature, explicit eroticism dominates in Daydream. The aesthetic achievement of Daydream lies in its treatment of reality using a fantastical atmosphere, a sophisticated mise-en-scène that expresses the structural circulation of reality and fantasy. The Empty Dream had two different screenplays: the screenplay for the Film Production Declaration, which replaced the opening and closing scenes of the Japanese version, and the final screenplay for dubbing, which returned the opening and closing scenes but differentiated itself from the Japanese version by the use of montage techniques and an expressionistic style. In directing The Empty Dream, Yu selectively incorporated visual elements from both versions of the screenplay, creating an experimental artistic film rare in South Korean cinema at the time. While film scholarship has often discussed The Empty Dream as a representative text in the history of censorship of obscenity, this article argues that the creative essence of the film is its combining imitation of the Japanese screenplay with the director’s artistic experimentation.
초록
This study examines the spatial transformation of Sorokdo Charity Hospital in the 1910s and 1920s to understand its architectural plans’ social and medical implications. The researchers cross-checked and analyzed 76 drawings related to Sorokdo Charity Hospital held in the National Archives, examining and synthesizing their characteristics. The differences in the facilities’ plans between the two periods reveal a change in the way people viewed Hansen’s disease and the intended architectural practices that affected the changes. First, the site plan of the 1910s Sorokdo Charity Hospital reveals a reliance on geography and topography to physically isolate patients from staff or other patients. However, in the 1920s, focus shifted to a functional site division and with efficient control through surveillance. Second, changes in the treatment of Hansen’s disease led to changes in clinic floor plans. Third, changes in the hospital’s architectural design, such as its floor plan, heating system, and exterior materials, reflect a shift in perspective: in the 1910s, designers treated patients as mere objects of isolation and accommodation, while in the 1920s, they viewed them as active beings capable of self-sufficiency.
Abstract
This study examines the spatial transformation of Sorokdo Charity Hospital in the 1910s and 1920s to understand its architectural plans’ social and medical implications. The researchers cross-checked and analyzed 76 drawings related to Sorokdo Charity Hospital held in the National Archives, examining and synthesizing their characteristics. The differences in the facilities’ plans between the two periods reveal a change in the way people viewed Hansen’s disease and the intended architectural practices that affected the changes. First, the site plan of the 1910s Sorokdo Charity Hospital reveals a reliance on geography and topography to physically isolate patients from staff or other patients. However, in the 1920s, focus shifted to a functional site division and with efficient control through surveillance. Second, changes in the treatment of Hansen’s disease led to changes in clinic floor plans. Third, changes in the hospital’s architectural design, such as its floor plan, heating system, and exterior materials, reflect a shift in perspective: in the 1910s, designers treated patients as mere objects of isolation and accommodation, while in the 1920s, they viewed them as active beings capable of self-sufficiency.
초록
This article examines how the general notion came to be established that Goguryeo, since its foundation, had a dual capital system of a mountain fortress and a flatland fortress, and critically reexamines this idea based on recent archaeological research. The discussion on Goguryeo’s capital system began with Sekino Tadashi’s 1914 study, which was based on his research experience in Pyongyang and the records of the Book of Zhou. Sekino claimed that the Goguryeo capital of Gungnae was also composed of a flatland fortress and an emergency mountain fortress, which was based on the Pyongyang capital consisting of a royal palace with a mountain fortress to its rear. Sekino’s claim had a significant impact on South Korean academic circles via North Korea and China. However, after the excavation of Goguryeo capital sites, it was revealed that much of the evidence supporting the dual-capital theory was not valid. This article offers a detailed review of the structure of Goguryeo’s capital city based on current archaeological data and the scholarly literature.
Abstract
This article examines how the general notion came to be established that Goguryeo, since its foundation, had a dual capital system of a mountain fortress and a flatland fortress, and critically reexamines this idea based on recent archaeological research. The discussion on Goguryeo’s capital system began with Sekino Tadashi’s 1914 study, which was based on his research experience in Pyongyang and the records of the Book of Zhou. Sekino claimed that the Goguryeo capital of Gungnae was also composed of a flatland fortress and an emergency mountain fortress, which was based on the Pyongyang capital consisting of a royal palace with a mountain fortress to its rear. Sekino’s claim had a significant impact on South Korean academic circles via North Korea and China. However, after the excavation of Goguryeo capital sites, it was revealed that much of the evidence supporting the dual-capital theory was not valid. This article offers a detailed review of the structure of Goguryeo’s capital city based on current archaeological data and the scholarly literature.
초록
This article theorizes characteristics of the Korean diaspora through comparative analyses of Min Jin Lee’s Korean diasporic novels, Free Food for Millionaires and Pachinko. While existing studies have examined Korean Americans and zainichi as distinct groups, they often lack a comparative perspective that integrates these communities, particularly in the context of a shared colonial and postcolonial history. Furthermore, no research has yet analyzed Min Jin Lee’s Free Food for Millionaires and Pachinko to explore how these novels address interconnected dimensions of Korean American and zainichi experiences. Through our textual analysis of Korean American and zainichi characters in her work, we explain spiritual, private, and public dimensions of conflict among members of the Korean diaspora. We discuss this conflict in two ways: first, as a reflection of generational gaps among members of the Korean diaspora, and second, as a survival mechanism for the Korean diaspora in the racially discriminatory context of the United States and the ethnically discriminatory context of Japan. Based on these analyses, we derive the concept of the Korean Pacific. This concept refers to the unique characteristics of members of the Korean diaspora who migrated and settled down when Japan and the United States ruled Korea as a colony and a postcolonial state, respectively, in the name of modernization.
Abstract
This article theorizes characteristics of the Korean diaspora through comparative analyses of Min Jin Lee’s Korean diasporic novels, Free Food for Millionaires and Pachinko. While existing studies have examined Korean Americans and zainichi as distinct groups, they often lack a comparative perspective that integrates these communities, particularly in the context of a shared colonial and postcolonial history. Furthermore, no research has yet analyzed Min Jin Lee’s Free Food for Millionaires and Pachinko to explore how these novels address interconnected dimensions of Korean American and zainichi experiences. Through our textual analysis of Korean American and zainichi characters in her work, we explain spiritual, private, and public dimensions of conflict among members of the Korean diaspora. We discuss this conflict in two ways: first, as a reflection of generational gaps among members of the Korean diaspora, and second, as a survival mechanism for the Korean diaspora in the racially discriminatory context of the United States and the ethnically discriminatory context of Japan. Based on these analyses, we derive the concept of the Korean Pacific. This concept refers to the unique characteristics of members of the Korean diaspora who migrated and settled down when Japan and the United States ruled Korea as a colony and a postcolonial state, respectively, in the name of modernization.
초록
This study presents a new interpretation of the Bukhansanseong construction system and the establishment of seungyeong temples by examining both artifacts of Sangunsa temple and historical records related to Bukhansanseong’s construction and the establishment of seungyeong temples. Traditionally believed to have been founded in the early 18th century after the completion of Bukhansanseong, Sangunsa temple houses relics from much earlier periods, suggesting a more complex history. This study reveals that, while previous research considered only Junghungsa temple to have been reconstructed, in fact Sangunsa and two additional temples were also reconstructed as seungyeong temples after the completion of Bukhansanseong. Furthermore, it challenges the conventional view that uiseunggun were mobilized for the fortress construction, instead positing that they were involved in temple establishment and post-construction management. By analyzing art pieces like the Goryeoera stone pagoda and Buddha statues, along with Joseon-era travelogues, this research sheds new light on the integration of religious, military, and administrative functions within Bukhansanseong.
Abstract
This study presents a new interpretation of the Bukhansanseong construction system and the establishment of seungyeong temples by examining both artifacts of Sangunsa temple and historical records related to Bukhansanseong’s construction and the establishment of seungyeong temples. Traditionally believed to have been founded in the early 18th century after the completion of Bukhansanseong, Sangunsa temple houses relics from much earlier periods, suggesting a more complex history. This study reveals that, while previous research considered only Junghungsa temple to have been reconstructed, in fact Sangunsa and two additional temples were also reconstructed as seungyeong temples after the completion of Bukhansanseong. Furthermore, it challenges the conventional view that uiseunggun were mobilized for the fortress construction, instead positing that they were involved in temple establishment and post-construction management. By analyzing art pieces like the Goryeoera stone pagoda and Buddha statues, along with Joseon-era travelogues, this research sheds new light on the integration of religious, military, and administrative functions within Bukhansanseong.
초록
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Abstract
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