바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

logo

메뉴

Psychosocial Functioning in Depression

Abstract

Individuals who become clinically depressed once are more likely than are their never depressed counterparts to experience a future depressive episode of depression. This finding suggest that there is a stable vulnerability factor that predispose some individuals to become depressed repeatedly over the course of their lives. Interpersonal theory of depression posit that interpersonal factors like dependency and reassurance seeking behavior may compose such vulnerability factors. In the current study, we seek to elucidate interpersonal vulnerability factors in adults who have been previously been depressed and examine their interrelations. 28 currently depressed, 24 remitted depressed, 31 matched never depressed participants completed self reported measures of interpersonal functioning. Results indicated currently depressed individuals displayed high level of interpersonal dependency and reassurance seeking behavior, and also low level of perceived social support. but there was' nt a significant difference in the interpersonal functioning between remitted depressed and never depressed. These results suggest dependency and reassurance seeking behavior have been shown to be mood-dependent, decreasing as depressive symptom abate. Implications of these findings for interpersonal functioning of depressed individuals are discussed and directions for future research are advanced.

keywords
depression, vulnerability, interpersonal functioning, memory, social support, 우울증, 취약성, 대인관계 기능, 의존성, 위안추구 행동, 사회적지지

Reference

1.

권정혜 (2002). 우울증 환자의 역기능적 대인관계 특성. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 21(3). 595 607

2.

김정택 (1978). 특성불안과 사회성과의 관계: Spielberger의 STAI를 중심으로. 고려대학교 석사학위논문.

3.

이영자 (1996). 스트레스, 사회적 지지, 자아존중감과 우울 및 불안과의 관계. 서울여자대학교 박사학위 논문.

4.

유성은 (1997). 완벽주의적 경향, 사회적 지지, 스트레스에 대한 대처방식이 중년 여성의 우울에 미치는 영향. 고려대학교 석사학위 논문.

5.

한오수, 홍진표 (2000). DSM IV의 제 1축 장애의 구조화된 임상적 면담: SCID 1. 서울: 하나의학사.

6.

한창수 (2006). 한국 우울증의 진료현황 조사. 한국 우울증 진료의 현황과 발전방향. 한국형 우울증 진료지침 개발위원회 보고서.

7.

Abbey, A., Abramis, D. J., & Caplan, R. D. (1985). Effects of different sources of social support and social conflict on emotional well being. Basic & Applied Social Psychology, 6(2), 111 129.

8.

Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1989). Attachments Beyond Infancy. American Psychologist, 44(4), 709 716.

9.

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(4th ed., text rev.). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association.

10.

Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment Styles Among Young Adults: A Test of a Four Category Model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226 244.

11.

Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). “Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory Ⅱ”. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation

12.

Beck A. T., Ward, C., & Mendelson, M. (1961). “Beck Depression Inventory(BDI)”. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4(5), 561 571.

13.

Bell, R. A., LeRoy, J. B., & Stephenson, J. B. (1982). Evaluating the mediating effects of social support upon life events and depressive symptoms. Journal of Community Psychology, 10, 325-340.

14.

Bifulco, A, Moran, P, M., Ball, C, Lillie, A. (2001). The attachment style interview. London: Royal Holloway & Bedford New College.

15.

Billings, A. G., Cronkite, R. C., & Moos, R. H. (1983). Social-environmental factors in unipolar depression: Comparison of depressed patients and nondepressed controls. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 92, 119-133.

16.

Billings, A. G., & Moos, R. H. (1985). Psychosocial processes of remission in unipolar depression; Comparing depressed patients with matched community controls. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 24, 61-62.

17.

Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss; Vol. 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.

18.

Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation, anxiety, and anger. New York: Basic Books.

19.

Bowlby, J. (1977). Aetiology and psychopathology in the light of attachment theory. British Journal of Psychiatry, 130(2), 201 210.

20.

Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss; Vol. 3. Loss: Sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books.

21.

Bowlby, J. (1988). A Secure base: Parent child attachment and healthy human development. New York: Basic Books. Bowlby, J. (1988). A Secure base: Parent child attachment and healthy human development. New York: Basic Books.

22.

Canelley, K. B., Pietromonaco, P. R., & Jaffe, K. (1994). Depression, working model of others, and relationship functioning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(1), 127 140.

23.

Cecchini, T. B. (1997). An integration and cognitive behavioral approach to childhood depression: a school based primary prevention study. (Doctoral dissertation, Utah State University, 1997). Abstracts International, 58, 12B. (UMI No. 9820698)

24.

Cohen, S., Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310-357.

25.

Coyne, J. C. (1976). Depression and the response of others. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85(2), 186 193.

26.

Davila, J., Hammen, C., Burge, D., Paley, B., & Daley, S. E. (1995). Poor Interpersonal Problem Solving as a Mechanism of Stress Generation in Depression Among Adolescent Women. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104(4), 592 600.

27.

Doane, J. A., & Diamond, D. (1994). Affect and attachment in the family: A family based treatment of major psychiatric disorder. New York: Basic Books.

28.

Evans, S., Cloitre, M., Kocsis, J. H., Keitner, G. I., Holzer, C. P., & Gniwesch, L. (1996). Social vocational adjustment in unipolar mood disorders: results of the DSM IV field trial. Journal of Affective Disorders, 38(2 3), 73 80.

29.

Gotlib, I. H., & Hammen, C. L. (1992). Psychological aspects of depression: Toward a cognitive interpersonal integration. Chichester, England: Wiley.

30.

Hammen, C. L. (1991). The generation of stress in the course of unipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 100(4), 555 561.

31.

Hammen, C. (2001). Vulnerability to depression in adulthood. In R. E. Ingram & J. M. Price (Eds.), Vulnerability to psychopathology: Risk across the lifespan (pp.226 257). New York: Gulford.

32.

Hammen, C., & Brennan, P. A. (2002). Interpersonal dysfunction in depressed women: impairments independent of depressive symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders, 72(2), 145 156.

33.

Hammen, C. L., Burge, D., Daley, S. E., Davila, J., Paley, B., & Rudolph, K. D. (1995). Interpersonal Attachment Cognitions and Prediction of Symptomatic Responses to Interpersonal Stress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104(3), 436 443.

34.

Hammen, C., & Garber, J. (2001). Vulnerability to depression across the lifespan. In: R. E. Ingram and J. M. Price (Eds.), Vulnerability to Psychopathology: Risk across the lifespan, Guilford Press, New York, pp.258-267.

35.

Hartlage, S., Arduino, K., & Alloy, L. B. (1998). Depressive Personality Characteristics: State Dependent Concomitants of Depressive Disorder and Traits Independent of Current Depression. Journal of abnormal psychology, 107, 349-354.

36.

Hirschfeld, R. M. A., Klerman, G. L, Gough, H. G., Barrett, J., Korchin, S. J., & Chodoff, P. (1977). A measure of interpersonal dependency. Journal of Personality Assessment, 41, 610-618.

37.

Hirschfeld, R. M. A., Klerman, G. L, Clayton, P. J., Keller, M. B., McDonald-Scott, P., & Larkin, B. H. (1983). Assessing personality: Effects of depressive state on trait measurement. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 695-699.

38.

Hirschfeld, R. M. A., Montgomery, S. A., Keller, M. B., Kasper, S., Schatzberg, A. F., Moller, H. J., Healy, D., Baldwin, D. Humble, M., Versiani, M. Montenegro, R., & Bourgeios, M. (2000). Social functioning in depression: a review. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61(4), 268 275.

39.

Ingram, R. E., Miranda, J., & Segal, Z. V. (2006). Cognitive vulnerability to depression. in L. B. Alloy, & J. H. Riskind(Eds.), Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associate, Publishers.

40.

Joiner, T., & Coyne, J. C. (1999). The interactional Nature of depression: Advances in Interpersonal Approaches.(Eds.) American Psychological Association, Washington DC.

41.

Joiner, T., Katz, J., & Lew, A. (1999). Harbingers of Depressotypic Reassurance Seeking: Negative Life Events, Increased Anxiety, and Decreased Self Esteem, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(5), 632 639.

42.

Joiner, T. E., Jr., & Metalsky, G. I. (2001). Excessive reassurance seeking: Delineating a risk factor involved in the development of depressive symptoms. Psychological Science, 12(5), 371-378.

43.

Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2007). Selective Attention to Emotional Faces Following Recovery From Depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116(1), 80 85.

44.

Just, N., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2001). Remitted depression studies as tests of the cognitive vulnerability hypotheses of depression onset: A critique and conceptual analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 21(1), 63 83.

45.

Keller, M. B., Lavori, P. W., Mueller, T. I., Endicott, J., Coryell, W., Hirschfeld, R. M., et al. (1992). Time to recovery, chronicity, and level of psychopathology in major depression. A 5 year prospective follow up of 431 subject. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49(10), 809 816.

46.

Krantz, S. E. (1985). When depressive cognitions reflect negative realities. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 9(5), 595 610.

47.

Lewinsohn, P. M., Steinmetz, L., Larson, D. W., & Flanklin, J. (1981). Depression related cognitions: Antecedent or consequence? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90(2), 213 219.

48.

Murray, C. L., & Lopez, A. D. (1996). The Global Burden of Diseases: A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from disease, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020; summary (Vol. 1). Boston: Harvard University Press.

49.

Petersen, A.C., Leffert, N., Graham, B., Alwin, J., & Ding, S. (1997). Promoting mental health during the transition into adolescence. In J.Schulenberg, J. L. Muggs, and A.K. Hierrelmann (Eds.), Health Risks and Developmental Transitions During Adolescence (pp. 471 497). New York: Cambridge University Press.

50.

Petty, S, C., Saches Ericsson, N., & Joiner, T. E. (2004). Interpersonal functioning deficits: temporary or stable characteristics of depressed individuals? Journal of Affective Disorders, 81(2), 115 122.

51.

Ramel, W., Goldin, P. R., Eyler, L. T., Brown, G. G., Gotlib, I. H., & McQuaid, J. R. (2007). Amygdala Reactivity and Mood Congruent Memory in Individuals at Risk for Depressive Relapse. Biological Psychiatry, 61(2), 231 239.

52.

Reich, J., Noyes, R., Hirschfeld, R., Coryell, W., & O'Gorman, T. (1987). State and personality in depressed and panic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 181-187.

53.

Rohde, P., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seely, J. R. (1990). Are people changed by the experience of having an episode of depression? A further test of the scar hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99(3), 264-271.

54.

Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. T., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Pal. Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press.

55.

Tweed, D. (1993). Depression-related impairment: Estimating concurrent and lingering effects. Psychological Medicine, 23(2), 373-386.

56.

Winokur, G., Coryell, W., Keller, M., Endicott, J., & Akiskal, H. (1993). A prospectice follow-up of patients with bipolar and primary unipolar affective disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 457-465.

57.

Zlotnick, C., Kohn, R., Keitner, G., & Della Grotta, S. A. (2000). The relationship between quality of interpersonal relationships and major depressive disorder: findings from the National Comorbidity Survey. Journal of Affective Disorders, 59(3), 205-215.

logo