open access
메뉴E-ISSN : 2733-4538
This study examined the effect of mindfulness on anxiety and post event-processing, as compared to distraction in socially anxious undergraduate students. Undergraduate students received the first speech task to induce anxiety, and were randomly assigned to three different treatment conditions; mindfulness condition(n=18), distraction condition(n=18), and control condition(n=18). They completed measures of subjective anxiety response before and after speeches. After receiving brief training, they underwent the second speech task and post-event rumination was assessed over the 24 hours period. Results indicated that the mindfulness group showed a greater decrease in subjective anxiety response before the speech than the other two groups, but there was no difference in subjective anxiety response after the speech between the mindfulness group and the distraction group. Next day, the mindfulness group reported less post-event rumination compared to the other two conditions. These results suggest that mindfulness can be an effective way to reduce anticipatory anxiety and post-event rumination in socially anxious individuals.
Abbott, M. J., & Rapee, R. M. (2004). Post-event rumination and negative self-appraisal in social phobia before and after treatment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 136-144.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Baer, R. A. (2009). Self-focused attention and mechanisms of change in mindfulness-based treatment. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 38, 15-20.
Barlow, D. H. (2001). Clinical handbook of psychological disorders. New York: Guilford Press.
Beck, A. T. (1978). The Beck Depression Inventory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 893-897.
Beck, A. T., Emery, G., & Greenberg, R. L. (Eds.). (1985). Anxiety Disorders and Phobias: A Cognitive Perspective. New York: Basic Books.
Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561-571.
Block, J. A. (2002). Acceptance or change of private experience: A comparative analysis in college students with public speaking anxiety (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). State University of New York, Albany, United States.
Bögels, Susan M, & Mansell, W. (2004). Attention processes in the maintenance and treatment of social phobia: Hypervigilance, avoidance and self-focused attention. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 827-56.
Borkovec, T. D., & Nau, S. D. (1972). Credibility of analogue therapy rationales. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 3, 257-260.
Bowen, S., & Marlatt, A. (2009). Surfing the urge: Brief mindfulness-based intervention for college student smokers. Psychology of Addictive Behavior, 23, 666-671.
Bowen, S., Witkiewitz, K., Dillworth, T. M., Chawla, N., Simpson, T. L., Ostafin, B. D., ... & Marlatt, G. A. (2006). Mindfulness meditation and substance use in an incarcerated population. Psychology of addictive behaviors, 20, 343.
Broderick, P. C. (2005). Mindfulness and coping with dysphoric mood: Contrasts with rumination and distraction. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 501-510.
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822-848.
Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18, 211-237.
Brozovich, F., & Heimberg, R. G. (2008). An analysis of post-event processing in social anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 891-903.
Cassin, S. E., & Rector, N. A. (2011). Mindfulness and the attenuation of post-event processing in social phobia: An experimental investigation. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 40, 267-78.
Chiesa, A. (2009). Zen meditation: An integration of current evidence. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 15, 585-92.
Chiesa, A., & Serretti, A. (2010). A systematic review of neurobiological and clinical features of mindfulness meditations. Psychological Medicine, 40, 1239-1252.
Chiesa, A., & Serretti, A. (2011). Mindfulness-based interventions for chronic pain: A systematic review of the evidence. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 17, 83-93.
Cho. Y. R. (2007). The effects of video feedback on public speaking anxiety: Moderators and mediators. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 26, 293-322.
Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In R .G. Heimberg, M. R. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope & F. R. Schneier (Eds.). Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment. New York, London: Guilford Press.
Coelho, H. F., Canter, P. H., Ernst, E. (2007). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: Evaluating current evidence and informing future research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 1000-1005.
Coffey, K. A., & Hartman, M. (2008). Mechanisms of action in the inverse relationship between mindfulness and psychological distress. Complementary Health Practice Review, 13, 79-91.
Dannahy, F., & Stopa, L. (2007). Post-event processing in social anxiety. Behavior Research and Therapy, 45, 1207-1219.
Edwards, S., Rapee, R, & Franklin, J. (2003). Postevent rumination and recall bias for a social performance event in high and low socially anxious individuals. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 603-617.
Erisman, S. M., & Roemer, L. (2010). A preliminary investigation of the effects of experimentally induced mindfulness in emotional responding to film clips. Emotion, 10, 72-82.
Feske, U., & Chambless, D. L. (1995). Cognitive behavioral versus exposure only treatment for social phobia: A meta-analysis. Behavior Therapy, 26, 695-720.
Forsyth, J. P., & Eifert, G. H. (2008). The mindfulness and acceptance workbook for anxiety: A guide to breaking free from anxiety, phobias, and worry using acceptance and commitment therapy. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger.
Gaydukevych, D., & Kocovski, N. L. (2011). Effect of self-focused attention on post-event processing in social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 47-55.
Goldin, P., & Gross, J. (2010). Effects of midnfulness-based stress reduction(MBSR) on emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Emotion, 10, 83-91.
Goldin, P., Ramel, W., & Gross, J. (2009). Mindfulness meditation training and self- referential processing in social anxiety disorder: Behavioral and neural effects. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23, 242-257.
Gould, R. A., Otto, M. W., Pollack, M. H., & Yap, L. (1997). Cognitive behavioral and pharmacological treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary meta-analysis. Behavior Therapy, 28, 285-305.
Harvey, A., Watkins, E., Mansell, W., & Shafran, R. (2004). Cognitive Behavioral Processes across Psychological Disorders: A Transdiagnostic Approach to Research and Treatment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorder: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1152-1168.
Heimberg, R. G. (1997). Cognitive behavioral treatment of social phobia in a group setting: A treatment manual. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University.
Heimberg, R. G., Liebowitz, M. R., Hope, D. A., Schneier, F. R., Holt, C. S., Welkowitz, L. A., ... & Fallon, B. (1998). Cognitive behavioral group therapy vs phenelzine therapy for social phobia: 12-week outcome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 1133-1141.
Heppner, W. L., & Kernis, M. H. (2007). “Quiet Ego” functioning: The complementary roles of mindfulness, authenticity, and secure high self-esteem. Psychological Inquiry, 18, 248-251.
Hinrichsen, H. & Clark, D. M. (2003). Anticipatory processing in social anxiety: Two pilot studies. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 34, 205-218.
Hope. D. A., Gansler, D. A., & Heimberg, R. G. (1989). Attentional focus and causal attributions in social phobia: Implications from social psychology. Clinical Psychology Review, 9, 49-60.
Huffziger, S., & Kuehner, C. (2009). Rumination, distraction, and mindful self-focus in depressed patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 224-230.
Im, S. Y. (2005). The influence of post-event rumination on social anxiety. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
Im, S. Y., Choi, H. R., & Kwon, S. M. (2007). The influence of post-even rumination on social self-efficacy & anticipatory anxiety. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 26, 39-56.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 144-156.
Kabat-Zinn, J., Massion, A. O., Kristeller, J., Peterson, L. G., Fletcher, K. E., Pbert, L., ... & Santorelli, S. F. (1992). Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 19, 936-943.
Keng, S. L., Smoski, M. J., & Robins, C. J. (2011). Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 1041-56.
Kim, H. (2010). The effect of dysfunctional self-focus attributes on rumination and depression (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
Kim, J. H. (2011). Mindfulness meditation mentoring. Seoul: Bulkwang.
Kim, S. H., & Lee, B. K. (2011, August). A comparison of effectiveness between cognitive- behavioral group therapy(CBGT) and mindfulness- meditation added CBGT for undergraduates with speech anxiety. Paper presented at the 66th annual meeting of the Korean Psychological Association, Jeonbuk National University (Iksan, Korea).
Kim, S. I., & Baik, J. S. (2013). The effects of acceptance-commitment group therapy on college students’ speech anxiety-based on cognitive defusion techniques. The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 25, 19-40.
Kim, W., & Lee, S. Y. (2008, August). Mindfulness and acceptance-based therapeutic approaches in anxiety disorder: Case studies. Paper presented at the 63th annual meeting of the Korean Psychological Association, Korea Military Academy(Seoul, Korea).
Kim, Y. W., Lee, S. H., Choi, T. K., Suh, S. Y., Kim, B., Kim, C. M., ... & Song, S. K. (2009). Effectiveness of mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy as an adjuvant to pharmacotherapy in patients with panic disorder or generalized anxiety disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 26, 601-606.
Kocovski, N. L., & Rector, N. A. (2007). Predictors of post-event rumination related to social anxiety. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 36, 112-122.
Ladouceur, R., Rhéeaume, J., & Aublet, F. (1997). Excessive responsibility in obsessional concerns: A fine-grained experimental analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 423-427.
Ledesma, D., & Kuomo, H. (2009). Mindfulness- based stress reduction and cancer: A meta- analysis. Psycho-oncology, 18, 571-579.
Lee, J. Y., & Choi, C. H. (1997). A study of the reliability and the validity of the Korean versions of social phobia scales(K-SAD, K-FNE). Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 16, 251-264.
Lee, Y. H., & Song, J. Y. (1991). A study of the reliability and the validity of the BDI, SDS, and MMPI-D scales. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 10, 98-113.
Levitt, J., Brown, T. A., Orsillo, S. M., & Barlow, D. H. (2004). The effects of acceptance versus suppression of emotion on subjective and psychophysiological response to carbon dioxide challenge in patients with panic disorder. Behavior Therapy, 35, 747-766.
Lopes, F. L., Azevedo, T. M., Imbiriba, L. A., Freire, R. C., Valença, A. M., Caldirola, D., ... & Nardi, A. E. (2009). Freezing reaction in panic disorder patients associated with anticipatory anxiety. Depression and Anxiety, 26, 917-921.
Lundh, L. -G., & Sperling, M. (2002). Social anxiety and the post-event processing of socially distressing events. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 31, 129-134.
Makkar, S. R., & Grisham, J. R. (2011a). Social anxiety and the effects of negative self-imagery on emotion, cognition, and post-event processing. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 654-664.
Makkar, S. R., & Grisham, J. R. (2011b). The predictors and contents of post-event processing in social anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 35, 118-133.
Martin, J. R. (1997). Mindfulness: A proposed common factor. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 7, 291-312.
Miller, J. J., Fletcher, K., & Kabat-Zinn, J. (1995). Three-year follow-up and clinical implications of a mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction intervention in the treatment of anxiety disorders. General Hospital Psychiatry, 17, 192-200.
Moon, H. M. (2005). The third wave of cognitive- behavioral therapy. The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 17, 15-33.
Moore, E. L., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2007). The cognitive mediation of thought-control strategies. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 1949-1955.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Response to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 569-582.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1993). Effect of rumination and distraction on naturally occurring depressed mood. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 561-570.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives in Psychological Science, 3, 400-424.
Norton, A. R., Abbott, M. J., Norberg, M. M., & Hunt, C. (2015). A systematic review of mindfulness and acceptance‐based treatments for social anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71, 283-301.
Park, S. H. (2006). Development of the mindfulness scale (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
Rachman, S. (1980). Intrusive thoughts. Paper presented at the Department of Psychiatry, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh.
Rachman, S., Grüter-Andrew, J., & Shafran, R. (2000). Post-event processing in social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 611-617.
Ramel, W., Goldon, P., Carmona, P., & McQuaid, J. (2004). The effects of mindfulness meditation on cognitive process and affect in patients with past depression. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 28, 433-455.
Rapee, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 740-756.
Rodebaugh, L. T. (2004). I might look OK, but I’m still doubtful, anxious, and avoidant: The mixed effects of enhanced video feedback on social symptoms, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 1435-1451.
Segal, Z. V., Williams, M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. New York: Guilford Press.
Seo, W. J. (2008). The effects of emotion dysregulation and acceptance-based treatment on anxiety symptoms of undergraduate students. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Hallym University, Chunchon, Korea.
Shapiro, S. L., Oman, D., Thoresen, C. E., Plante, T. G., & Flinders, T. (2008). Cultivating mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64, 840-862.
Singer, A. R., & Dobson, K. S. (2007). An experimental investigation of the cognitive vulnerability to depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 563-75.
Spera, S., Buhrfeind, E. D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1994). Expressive writing and coping with job loss. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 722-733.
Stangier, U., Heidenreich, T., Peitz, M., Lauterbach, W., & Clark, D. M. (2003). Cognitive therapy for social phobia: Individual versus group treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 991-1007.
Taylor, S. (1996). Meta-analysis of cognitive- behavioral treatments for social phobia. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 27, 1-9.
Teasdale, J. D., Williams, J., & Mark, G. (2000). Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 68, 615-623.
Thayer, R. E., Newman, J. R., & McClain, T. M. (1994). Self-regulation of mood: Strategies for changing a bad mood, raising energy, and reducing tension. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 910-925.
Watkins, E. R. (2008). Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 163-206.
Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 448-457.
Williams, J. M. (2010). Mindfulness and psychological process. Emotion, 10, 1-7.
Zou, J. B., Hudson, J. L., & Rapee, R. M. (2007). The effect of attentional focus on social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2326-2333.