E-ISSN : 2733-4538
The purpose of the current study was to develop the Korean-Multifaceted Empathy Test (K-MET) for multidimensional measurement of empathy, and to examine its reliability and validity. The MET consists of 23 sets of photographs, and assesses both cognitive and emotional empathy by gauging the mental states of the individuals shown in the photographs and rating emotional reactions in response to the pictures. In the K-MET, photographs and questions were added requiring participants to figure out the situations in the photographs. The final 26 items of cognitive empathy and 20 items of emotional empathy (implicit and explicit way of questions each) were selected based on the results of the preliminary study. To establish the reliability and validity, the K-MET was administered to 33 undergraduates and graduate students. Internal consistency of the K-MET’s scales ranged from .72 to .89. In the results of the correlational analyses, the Cognitive Empathy showed significant correlation with the Faux pas task. The Emotional Empathy Implicit was significantly correlated with the Personal distress subscale of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), and the Questionnaire measure of emotional empathy. The Emotional Empathy Explicit showed significant correlation with both the Empathic concern and the Personal distress subscales of the IRI. Results demonstrated good to high reliability of the three subscales. Convergent and divergent validity were also satisfactory. Implications of the current study were discussed.
Baron-Cohen, S., &Jolliffe, T. (1997). Another advanced test of theory of mind: Evidence from very high functioning adults with autism or asperger syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 813-822.
Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M.,& Frith, U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind”? Cognition, 21, 37-46.
Barrett-Lennard, G. F. (1981). The empathy scale:Refinement of a nuclear concept. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28, 91-100.
Batson, C. D., Lishner, D. A.,Carpenter, A., Dulin, L., Harjusola-Webb, S., Stocks, E. L., Gale,S., Hassan, O., Sampat, B. (2003). As you would have them do unto you: Does imagining yourself in the other’s place stimulate moral action? Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1190-1201
Blair, R. J. R. (2001). Neuro-cognitive models of aggression, the antisocial personality disorders and psychopathy. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 71,727-731.
Blair, R. J. R. (2005). Responding to the emotions of others: Dissociating forms of empathy through the study of typical and psychiatric populations. Consciousness and Cognition, 14, 698-718.
Blair, R. J. R., Sellars, C., Strickland, I., Clark, F.,Williams, A., Smith, M., Jones, L. (1996). Theory of mind in the psychopath. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 7, 15-25.
Carr, L., Iacoboni, M., Dubeau,M. C., Mazziotta, J.C., &Lenzi, G. L. (2003). Neural mechanisms of empathy in humans: A relay from neural systems for imitation to limbic areas. Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences of the United States of America, 29, 5497-5502.
Cheng, Y., Lin, C., Liu, H. L., Hsu, Y., Lim,K., Hung, D., Decety, J. (2007). Expertise modulates the perception of pain in others. Current Biology, 17, 1708-1713.
Cho, K., Park, S., Song, I., & Ghim, H. (2007). Development changes inemotional-states and facial expression. Korean Journal of the Science of Emotion & Sensibility, 10, 127-138.
Corcoran, R., Mercer, G. & Frith, C. D. (1995). Schizophrenia, symptomatology andsocial inference: Investigating ‘theory of mind’ in people with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 17, 5-3.
Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consultant Psychology, 24, 349-354.
Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journalof Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113-126.
Davis, M. H., & Kraus, L. (1997). Personality and empathic accuracy. In W. Ickes(Ed.), Empathic accuracy (pp. 144-168). New York: Guilford Press.
Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 3, 71-100.
Decety, J., & Meyer, M. (2008). From emotion resonance to empathic understanding: A social developmental neuroscience account, Development and Psychopathology, 20, 1053-1080.
Dolan, M., & Fullman, R. (2007). Empathy, antisocial behavior and personality pathology. In T. Farrow & P Woodruff (Eds.), Empathy in mental illness (pp. 33-48). New York:Cambridge University Press.
Dziobek, I., Rogers, K., Fleck, S., Bahnemann, M., Heekeren, R. H., Wolf, T. O., & Convit, A.(2008). Dissociation of cognitive and emotional empathy in adults with Asperger Syndrome using the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET). Journal of Autism Developmental Disorder, 38, 464-473.
Eisenberg, N., & Eggum, N. D. (2011). Empathic responding: Sympathy and personal distress. In J. Decety &W. Ickes (Eds.), The Social Neuroscience of Empathy (pp. 71-84). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Eisenberg, N., &Fabes, R. A. (1990). Empathy:Conceptualization, measurement, and relation to prosocial behavior. Motivation and Emotion, 14, 131-149.
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A.,Murphy, B., Karbon, M., Maszk, P., Smith, M., O'Boyle, C., Suh,K. (1994). The relations of emotionality and regulation to dispositional and situational empathy-related responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 776-797.
Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. A. (1987). The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 91-119.
Feshbach, H. D. (1982). Sex differences in empathy and social behavior in children. In N.Eisenberg (Ed.), The development of prosocial behavior (pp.315-338). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Frith, C. D., & Corcoran, R. (1996). Exploring ‘theory of mind’ in people with schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 26, 521-530.
Frith, U. (1989). Autism: Explaining the enigma. Oxford: Blackwell.
Frith, U. (2001). Mind blindness and the brain in autism. Neuron, 32, 969-979.
Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. (1994). Emotional contagion. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Henry, J. D., Bailey, P. E., & Rendell, P. G.(2008). Empathy, social functioning and schizotypy. Psychiatry Research, 160, 15-22.
Hoffman, M. L. (2000). Empathy and Moral Development: Implications for caring and justice. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hogan, R. (1969). Developmentof an empathy scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 307-316.
Kim, Y., Jun, S., & Yi, P. (2008). Reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Social Desirability Scale-17. Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies, 38, 5-32.
Lamm, C., Batson, C. D., & Decety, J. (2007). The neural basis of human empathy - Effects of perspective-taking andcognitive appraisal:An event-related fMRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 42-58.
Langdon, R., & Coltheart, M. (2004). Recognition of metaphor and irony in young adults:The impact of schizotypal personality traits. Psychiatry Research, 125, 9-20.
Lee, S. (2009). Empathy and social adjustment in individuals with schizotypy. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
Mehrabian, A., & Epstein, N. (1972). A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality 40, 525-543.
Miller, P. A., & Eisenberg, N. (1988). Therelation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/antisocial behaviour. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 324-344.
Park, I., & Min, K. (2005). Making a list of Korean emotion terms and exploring dimensions underlying them. Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 19, 109-129.
Park, S. (1994). Empathy, Empathic Understanding. Seoul: Wonmisa.
Pickup, G., & Frith, C. D. (2001). Theory of mind impairments in schizophrenia: Symtomatology, severity and specificity. Psychological Medicine, 31. 207-220.
Premack, D., & Woodruff, F. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 4, 515-526.
Richell, R. A., Mitchell, D. G., Newman, C., Leonard, A., Baron-Cohen, S., & Blair, R. J.(2003). Theory of mind and psychopathy: Can psychopathic individuals read the ‘language of the eyes’? Neuropsychologia, 41, 523-526.
Rubin, A., & Babbie, E. R. (2008). Research methods for social work (6th ed).Belmont, CA:Thompson Brooks/Cole.
Saunders, D. G. (1991). Procedures for adjusting self-reports of violence for social desirability bias. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 6, 336-344.
Shin, Y. (2004). Theory of Mind in schizophrenia. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
Smith, A. (2006). Cognitive empathy and emotional empathy in human behavior and evolution. The Psychological Record, 56, 3-21.
Sonnby-Borgstrőm, M., Jőnsson, P., & Svensson,O. (2003). Emotional empathy as related to mimicry reactions at different levels of information processing. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 27, 3-23.
Stevens, D., Charman, T., & Blair, R. J. R.(2001). Recognition of emotion in facial expressions and vocal tones inchildren with psychopathic tendencies. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 162, 201-211.
Stober, J. (2001). The Social Desirability Scale-17(SDS-17): Convergent validity, discriminant validity, and relationship with age. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 17, 222-232.
Stone, V. E., Baron-Cohen, S., & Knight, T. R.(1998). Frontal lobe contributions to theory of mind. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 640-656.
Wundt, W. (1874). Grundriss der Psychologie. Leipzig: Engelmann.
Zaki J., & Ochsner K. (2012). The neuroscience of empathy: Progress, pitfalls, and promise. Nature Neuroscience, 15, 675-680.