open access
메뉴E-ISSN : 2733-4538
The purpose of the present study was to validate the Gambling Follow up Scale-Korean version (GFS-K), which was based on the Gambling Follow-up Scale, a 5-item scale designed to assess gambling frequency/time, work status, family relationship, leisure, and enrolment in Gambling Anonymous in individuals diagnosed with gambling disorder according to the DSM-5 criteria. Two thousand four hundred seventy eight individuals with gambling disorder (97.1% male) seeking treatment completed the GFS-K. A total of 608 clients who completed the treatment were reassessed. The GFS-K showed moderate internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed that the one factor solution (except item 5) fitted the data most effectively. There was a moderate convergence between the GFS-K and reference scales. The GFS-K scores showed excellent sensitivity to change, and good ability to distinguish recovered from unrecovered patients after treatment. A cutoff score of 17 was found to have 77% sensitivity and 75% specificity for recovery from gambling. The GFS-K is suited to providing a reliable follow-up of gamblers under treatment and assessing the efficacy of their treatment.
American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, text revision (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246.
Berger, R., & Hänze, M. (2015). Impact of Expert Teaching Quality on Novice Academic Performance in the Jigsaw Cooperative Learning Method. International Journal of Science Education, 37, 294-320.
BrckaLorenz, A., Chiang, Y., & Nelson Laird, T. (2013). Internal consistency. Retrieved from: fsse.indiana.edu.
Briggs, S. R., & Cheek, J. M. (1986). The role of factor analysis in the development and evaluatbn of personality scales. Journal of Personality, 54, 106-148.
Brown, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage focus editions.
Castro, V., Fuentes, D., & Tavares, H. (2005). The gambling followup scale: Development and reliability testing of a scale for pathological gamblers under treatment. Canadian Journal of Psychitry-Original Research, 50, 81-86.
Chon, K. K., Choi, S. C., & Yang, B. C. (2001). Integrated adaptation of CES-D in Korea. Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 6, 59-76.
Chun, Y. M. (2012). Preliminary study for validation of the gambling urge scale. Suwon: Kyunggi Center on Gambling Problem.
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7, 309-319.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
Cowlishaw, S., Merkouris, S., Dowling, N., Anderson, C., Jackson, A., & Thomas, S. (2012). Psychological therapies for pathological and problem gambling. Cochrane Database Sysmatic Reviews, 11. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008937.pub2.
Denollet, J. (1993). Sensitivity of outcome assessment in cardiac rehabilitation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 683-695.
Echeburúa, E., Báez, C., & Fernández-Montalvo, J. (1996). Comparative effectiveness of three therapeutic modalities in the psy chological treatment of pathological gambling: Long-term outcome. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 24, 51-72.
Ferris, J., & Wynne, H. (2001). The canadian problem gambling index:Final report. Toronto, ON: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse.
Galetti, A. M., & Tavares, H. (2017). Development and validation of the gambling follow-up scale, self-report version: An outcome measure in the treatment of pathological gambling. Revista Brassilieira de Psiquiatria, 39, 36-44.
García de Yébenes Prous, M. J., Salvanés, F. R., & Ortells, L. C.(2008). Responsiveness of outcome measures. Reumatología Clínica (English Edition), 4, 240-247.
Grant, J. E., Odlaug, B. L., & Schreiber, L. R. (2014). Pharmacological treatments in pathological gambling. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 77, 375-381.
Greinera, M., Pfeiffer, D., & Smith, R. D. (2000). Principles and practical application of the receiver operating characteristic analysis for diagnostic tests. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 45, 23-41.
Griethuijsen, R. A. L. F., Eijck, M. W., Haste, H., Brok, P. J., Skinner, N. C., Mansour, N., . . . BouJaoude, S. (2014). Global patterns in students’ views of science and interest in science. Research in Science Education, 45, 581-603. doi:10.1007/s11165-014-9438-6.
Hayton, J. C., Allen, D. G., & Scarpello, V. (2004). Factor retention decisions in exploratiory factor analysis: A tutorial on parallel analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 7, 191-205.
Hodgins, D. C., & Makarchuk, K. (2003). Trusting problem gamblers:Reliability and validity of self-reported gambling behavior. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 17, 244-248.
Hodgins, D. C., Currie, S., el-Guebaly, N., & Peden, N. (2004). Brief motivational treatment for problem gambling: A 24-month follow-up. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18, 293-296.
Holtgraves, T. (2009). Evaluating the problem gambling severity index. Journal of Gambling Studies, 25, 105-120.
Hong, S. H. (2000). The criteria for selecting appropriate fit indices in structural equation modeling and their rationales. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 19, 161-177.
Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30, 179-185.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
Husted, J. A., Cook, R. J., Farewell, V. T., & Gladman, D. D. (2000). Methods for assessing responsiveness: A critical review and recommendations. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 53, 459-468.
Kwon, S. J., & Cho, S. K. (2010). Shortened problem gambling severity index for telephone Surveys. Survey Research, 11, 19-32.
Ladouceur, R., Sylvain, C., Boutin, C., Lachance, S., Doucet, C., & Leblond, J. (2003). Group therapy for pathological gamblers: A cognitive approach. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 587-596.
Ladouceur, R., Sylvain, C., Boutin, C., Lachance, S., Doucet, C., Leblond, J., & Jacques, C. (2001). Cognitive treatment of pathological gambling. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189, 774-780.
Lee, K. H. (2009). Preliminary study for validation of Korean canadian problem gambling index. Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 14, 667-675.
Lesieur, H. R., & Blume, S. B. (1987). The south oaks gambling screen (SOGS): A new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 1184-1188.
Loo, J. M., Oei, T. P., & Raylu, N. (2011). Psychometric evaluation of the problem gambling severity index-Chinese version (PGSIC). Journal of Gambling Studies, 27, 453-466.
McConaghy, N., Blaszczynski, A., & Frankova, A. (1991). Comparison of imaginal desensitisation with other behavioural treatments of pathological gambling: A two- to nine-year follow-up. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 390-393.
McLellan, A. T., Kushner, H., Metzger, D., Peters, R., Smith, I., Grissom, G., . . . Argeriou, M. (1992). The fifth edition of the addiction severity index. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 9, 199-213.
Melville, C. L., Davis, C. S., Matzenbacher, D. L., & Clayborne, J.(2004). Node-link-mapping-enhanced group treatment for pathological gambling. Addictive Behaviors, 29, 73-87.
Nowak, D. E., & Aloe, A. M. (2014). The prevalence of pathological gambling among college students: A meta-analytic synthesis, 2005-2013. Journal of Gambling Studies, 30, 819-843.
O’Connor, B. P. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number ofcomponents using parallel analysis and Velicer's MAPtest. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 32, 396-402.
Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS (3rd ed.). Maidenhead, Berkshire: McGraw-Hill Education.
Petry, N. M. (2003). Validity of a gambling scale for the addiction severity index. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191, 399-407.
Petry, N. M. (2007). Concurrent and predictive validity of the addiction severity index in pathological gamblers. The American Journal on Addictions, 16, 272-282.
Petry, N. M., Weinstock, J., Ledgerwood, D. M., & Morasco, B.(2008). A randomized trial of brief interventions for problem and pathological gamblers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 318-328.
Pook, M., & Tuschen-Caffier, B. (2004). Sensitivity to change of scales assessing symptoms of bulimia nervosa. Psychiatry Research, 128, 71-78.
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401.
Raylu, N., & Oei, T. P. (2004). The gambling urge scale: Development, confirmatory factor validation, and psychometric properties. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18, 100-105.
Research & Business Foundation of Chungnam University. (2010). National survey on gambling industry user. Seoul: National Gambling Control Commission.
Son, W. S. (2003). A comprehensive approach for adapting psychological tests. Korean Journal of Psycology: General, 22, 57-80.
Stinchfield, R., Winters, K. C., & Dittel, C. (2008). Evaluation of state-supported pathological gambling treatment in Minnesota. Saint Paul, MN: Compulsive Gambling Program, Mental Health Division, Minnesota Department of Human Services.
Swets, J. A. (1988). Measuring the accuracy of diagnostic systems. Science, 240, 1285-1293.
Sylvain, C., Ladouceur, R., & Boisvert, J. M. (1997). Cognitive and behavioral treatment of pathological gambling: A controlled study. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 65, 727-732.
Taber, K. S. (2017). The Use of Cronbach’s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education. Research in Science Education. DOI: 10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2.
Tavares, H., Ziberman, M. L., & el-Guebaly, N. (2003). Are there cognitive and behavioural approaches specific to the treatment of pathological gambling? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48, 22-27.
Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrica, 38, 1-10.
Victorian Government. (2011). Gambler's help performance management manual. Melbourne, Victora: Department of Justice.
Walker, M., Toneatto, T., Potenza, M. N., Petry, N., Ladouceur, R., Hodgins, D. C., . . . Blaszczynski, A. (2006). A framework for reporting outcomes in problem gambling treatment research: The Banff, Alberta Consensus. Addiction, 101, 504-511.