open access
메뉴
open access
메뉴
E-ISSN : 2733-4538
There has been an increase in the application of meditation to psychotherapy based on research showing that mindfulness meditation helped people improve their mental health and wellbeing as well as change their brain functions. Researchers in Korea have reported that meditation positively influenced clients with diverse psychological problems. However, a few researchers have warned us that meditation could be causing latent psychiatric problems or neurosis in clients with vulnerable ego function. Some of the psychological disorders, called majang, have also been presented in Buddhism literature. If psychotherapists want to apply meditation in psychotherapy, they should be understanding of its positive and negative effects. This study, therefore, examines not only the benefits of meditation, but also its side effects based on psychiatric studies in Western and Buddhism literature. Furthermore, this study examines the adverse effects of meditation and effective solutions to counter these adverse effects through Buddhism studies. Finally, there are different points of view as well as common factors of healing between psychotherapy and meditation. This study suggests that clinical therapists should be aware of some of the different views about the application of mediation in psychotherapy.
Ando, O. (2003). Psychiatry of meditation (Kim Jae Sung, Trans.). Seoul, Korea: Minjocksa.
Bae, J. H., & Jang, H. K. (2006). The effect of MBSR-K-Program on emotional response of college students. The Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 12, 673-688.
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J. L., . . . Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 230-241.
Borgart, G. (1991). The use of meditation in psychotherapy: A review of the literature. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 45, 383-412.
Buddhaghosa. (2013). Visuddhimagga 1 (Daelim, Trans.). Seoul, Korea: Early Buddhism Laboratory.
Carpenter, J. T. (1977). Meditation, esoteric traditions: Contributions to psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 31, 394-404.
Cha, H. R. (2014). The contribution and limitations of Buddhism meditation and modern psychology. Research of Buddhism counseling, 6, 3-26.
Cho, H. J., Noh, J. A., Lee, H. Y., Jung, S. J., & Hyun, M. H. (2014). The effect of mindful lovingkindness-compassion program (MLCP) on the self-growth for novice counselor. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 21, 25-47.
Cho, Y. K. (2012, 9). Ken Wilber’s view for mediation and unconsciousness;The limitation and function of meditation, the meditation and unconsciousness. Symposium conducted at the Korean Buddhism history and culture memorial hall, Seoul, Korea.
Cho, Y. R., Noh, S. S., Cho, K. H., & Hong, S. H. (2014). The effect of mindfulness-based intervention on depression and anxiety symptoms: A meta-analysis. Korean Journal of Psychology: General, 33, 903-931.
Dobson, K. S. (2013). The science of CBT: Toward a metacognitive model of change?. Behavior Therapy, 44, 2013-2227.
Engler, J. (1999). Buddhist psychology: Contributions to western psychological theory. In A. Molino (Ed.), The couch and the tress:Dialogues in psychoanalysis and Buddhism (pp. 111-118). New York, NY: North Point Press.
Epstein, M. D. (1989). Forms of emptiness: psychodynamic, meditative and clinical perspectives. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 21, 61-71.
Epstein, M. D. (2006). Thoughts without a thinker. New York, NY:Basic Books.
Epstein, M. D., & Lieff, J. D. (1981). Psychiatric complications of meditation practice. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 13, 137-147.
Freud, S. (1927). The problem of lay-analyses (A.P. Maeker-Branden & J. Strachey, Trans.). Oxford, England: Brentano’s.
Greenleaf, E. (1975). The unconscious mind mirror in active imagination. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 2, 202-206.
Han, J. S., Kim, J. H., & Kim, M. (2004). The effect of mindfulness meditation on symptoms and psychological features in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. The Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 9, 1041-1060.
Harris, R. (2009). ACT made simple: An easy-to-read primer on acceptance and commitment therapy. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.
Hayes-Skelton, S. A., & Graham, J. R. (2013). Decentering as a common link among mindfulness, cognitive reappraisal and social anxiety. Behavioral Cognitive Psychotherapy, 41, 317-328.
Herbert, J., & Cardaciotto, L. (2005). An acceptance and mindfulness-based perspective on social anxiety disorder. In: S. M. Orsillo & L. Roemer (Eds.), Acceptance and mindfulness-based approaches to anxiety: Conceptualization and Treatment (pp. 189-212). Boston, MA: Springer.
Horton, P. C. (1973). The mystical experience as a suicide preventative. American Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 294-296.
Isbel, B., & Mahar, D. (2015). Cognitive mechanisms of mindfulness:A test of current models. Consciousness Cognition, 15, 50-59.
Jankowski, T., & Holas, P. (2014). Metacognitive model of mindfulness. Consciousness and Cognition, 28, 64-80.
Jeon, M. A., & Kim, J. M. (2011a). The study on effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for aggression and impulsiveness of adolescent offender. The Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 3, 63-78.
Jeon, M. A., & Kim, J. M. (2011b). The effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for emotion regulation in a patient group. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 30, 113-135.
Jeong, H. G., Noh, S. H., & Cho, H. J. (2017). Effect of mindful lovingkindness-compassion program (MLCP) on depression, rumination, mindfulness, self-compassion, and social connectedness, in depression-prone students. The Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 22, 271-287.
Jeong, J. Y. (2014). A study on the negative side effects of meditation and how to resolve them from a Buddhist perspective. Buddhist School Newspaper, 68, 33-63.
Kaplan, K. H., Goldenberg, P. L., & Galvin-Nadeau, M. (1993). The impact of a meditation-based stress reduction program on fibromyalgia. General Hospital Psychiatry, 15, 284-289.
Khoury, B., Lecomte, T., Fortin, G., Masse, M., Therien, P., & Bouchard, V. (2013). Mindfulness-based therapy: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 763-771.
Kim, M. J. (2017). EBS documentary east and west: The origin of different thought and ideas. Seoul, Korea: Jisikchannel.
Kohut, H. (1966). Form and transformations of narcissism. Journal of the American Psychoanlytic Association, 5, 389-407.
Kornfield, J. (1979). Intensive insight meditation: A phenomenological study. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 11, 41-58.
Kornfield, J. (2006). A path with heart. New York, NY: Bantam Books.
Lazarus, A. A. (1976). Psychiatric problems precipitated by transcendental meditation. Psychological Reports, 39, 601-612.
Lee, H. Y., Kim, J. H., & Kim, M. (2012). The effects of mindfulnessbased cognitive therapy (MBCT) on depression and well-being of the female college students. The Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 17, 43-63.
Levinson, P. (1973). Religious delusions in counter-culture patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 1265-1269.
Lindahl, J. R., Fisher, N. E., Cooper, D. J., Rosen, R. K., & Britton, W. B. (2017). The varieties of contemplative experience: A mixed methods study of meditation-related challenges in western Buddhists. PlosOne, 10, 1372-1388.
Misan. (2017). The solution of psychological disorders and Majang in Buddhist mediation training. Seoul, Korea: Korean MBSR research center.
Nemiah, J. C. (1980). Anxiety state. In A. M. Freedman & B. J. Sadock (Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry (3rd ed., pp. 1483-1493). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
Newberg, A. B., Wintering, N., Khalsa, D. S., Roggenkamp, H., & Waldman, M. R. (2010). Meditation effects on cognitive function and cerebral blood flow in subjects with memory loss: A preliminary study. Journal Alzheimer Disorder, 20, 517-526.
Rapee, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social anxiety. Behavior Research and Therapy, 35, 741-756.
Rizzuto, A. (1979). The birth of the living god: A psychoanalytic study. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Safran, J. D., & Segal, Z. V. (1990). Interpersonal process in cognitive therapy. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Segall, S. R. (2005). Mindfulness and self-development in psychotherapy. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 37, 143-163.
Shapiro, D. H. (1992). Adverse effect of meditation: A preliminary investigation of long-term meditation. International Journal of Psychosomatics, 1, 62-67.
Tang, Y. Y., Hölzel, B. K., & Posner, M. (2015). The neuroscience of mindfulness mediation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 18, 1038-1051.
Taylor, V. A., Grant, J., Daneault, V., Scavone, G., Breton, E., Roff-Vidal, S., . . . Beauregard, M. (2011). Impact of mindfulness on the neural responses to emotional pictures in experienced and beginner meditators. Neuroimage, 57, 1524-1533.
Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z., & Williams, J. M. (1995). How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help?. Behavioral Research Therapy, 33, 25-39.
Wallace, R. K. (1970). Physiological effects of transcendental meditation. Science, 167, 1751-1754.
Walsh, R. K. (1977). Initial meditative experiences: Part I. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 9, 151-192.
Walsh, R., & Roche, L. (1979). Precipitation of acute psychotic episodes by intensive meditation in individuals with a history of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 1085-1086.
Welwood, J. (1989). Psychotherapy and mediation (Choi Hae Lim, Trans.). Seoul, Korea: BumYangsa.
Welwood, J. (2008). Toward a psychology of awakening (Kim Myoung Kwon, Trans.) Seoul, Korea: Hakgjisa.
You, S. Y., Kim, M., & Kim, J. H. (2014). Effects of mindfulness meditation on Symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, and hwabyung among middle-aged women with hwa-byung disorders. The Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 19, 83-98.
Zeidan, F., Johnson, S. K., Diamond, B. J., David, Z., & Goolkasian, P. (2010). Mindfulness meditation improves cognition: Evidence of brief mental training. Consciousness and cognition, 19, 597-605.