바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

logo

The Effects of Ego Depletion and Psychological Burden on Fatigue in Everyday Life: Focusing on Narcissism

Abstract

Resisting the desire to conflict with goals in everyday life may lead to ego depletion and subsequent fatigue. However, even when goals and desires are not in conflict with each other, the psychological burden of goal achievement may also be a source of fatigue. The aim of the present study is to examine the moderating effect of narcissistic personality on the relationship between psychological burden and fatigue. A total of 104 adults participated in this study. Using the experience sampling method, we measured daily ego depletion and psychological burden seven times a day for one week. The level of fatigue was also measured at the end of each day. A series of multilevel analyses revealed that daily ego depletion and psychological burden positively predicted daily fatigue level. Covert narcissism was more related to psychological burden and fatigue than overt narcissism. Participants with overt narcissism were more severely fatigued when they experienced psychological burden than non-narcissistic participants. Lastly, we discussed the implications and limitations of the present study.

keywords
ego depletion, psychological burden, fatigue, experience sampling method, narcissism, 자아고갈, 심리적 부담감, 피로, 경험표집법, 자기애

Reference

1.

Akhtar, S., & Thomson, J. A. (1982). Overview: Narcissistic personality disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 12-20.

2.

Bandura, A. (1986). Fearful expectations and avoidant actions as coeffects of perceived self-inefficacy. American Psychologist, 41, 1389-1391.

3.

Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67, 1-48. doi: 10.18637/jss.v067.i01

4.

Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1252-1265. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1252

5.

Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., & Tice, D. M. (2007). The strength model of self-control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 351-355.

6.

Besser, A., & Priel, B. (2010). Grandiose narcissism versus vulnerable narcissism in threatening situations: Emotional reactions to achievement failure and interpersonal rejection. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29, 874-902. doi: 10.1521/jscp.2010.29.8. 874

7.

Brooks, S. K., Chalder, T., & Rimes, K. A. (2017). Chronic fatigue syndrome: Cognitive, behavioural and emotional processing vulnerability factors. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 45, 156-169.

8.

Brunstein, J. C., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (1996). Effects of failure on subsequent performance: The importance of self-defining goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 395-407.

9.

Cathébras, P. J., Robbins, J. M., Kirmayer, L. J., & Hayton, B. C. (1992). Fatigue in primary care. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 7, 276-286. doi: 10.1007/BF02598083

10.

Chung, N. W. (2001). A validational study of the Hypersensitivity Narcissism Scale (HSNS). The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 13, 193-216.

11.

Choi, J. I., Lee, H. J., & Lee, J. D. (2012). Effects of evaluative feedback and life events on self-esteem stability of overt, covert narcissists. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31, 631-639.

12.

Cooper, A. M. (1998). Further developments in the clinical diagnosis of narcissistic personality disorder. In E. Ronningstam (Ed.), Disorders of narcissism: Diagnostic, clinical, and empirical implications (pp. 53-74). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

13.

Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Clara, I. P. (2002). The multidimensional structure of perfectionism in clinically distressed and college student samples. Psychological Assessment, 14, 365-373.

14.

Deary, V., & Chalder, T. (2010). Personality and perfectionism in chronic fatigue syndrome: A closer look. Psychology and Health, 25, 465-475.

15.

Emmons, R. A. (1987). Narcissism: Theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 11-17.

16.

Emmons, R. A. (1992). Abstract versus concrete goals: Personal striving level, physical illness, and psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 292-300. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.62.2.292

17.

Farwell, L., & Wohlwend‐Lloyd, R. (1998). Narcissistic processes:Optimistic expectations, favorable self‐evaluations, and self‐enhancing attributions. Journal of personality, 66, 65-83.

18.

Fisk, J. D., & Doble, S. E. (2002). Construction and validation of a fatigue impact scale for daily administration (D-FIS). Quality of Life Research, 11, 263-272. doi: 10.1023/A:1015295106602

19.

Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Blankstein, K. R., & Gray, L. (1998). Psychological distress and the frequency of perfectionistic thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1363-1381.

20.

Hagger, M. S., Wood, C., Stiff, C., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2010a). Ego depletion and the strength model of self-control: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 495-525. doi: 10.1037/a0019486

21.

Hagger, M. S., Wood, C. W., Stiff, C., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2010b). Self-regulation and self-control in exercise: The strength-energy model. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 3, 62-86. doi: 10.1080/17509840903322815

22.

Han, S. J. (1999). Overt and covert self-relevant cognition of narcissists. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.

23.

Hendin, H. M., & Cheek, J. M. (1997). Assessing hypersensitive narcissism: A reexamination of Murray’s Narcism Scale. Journal of Research in Personality, 31, 588-599. doi: 10.1006/jrpe.1997. 2204

24.

Hewitt, P. L., & Dyck, D. G. (1986). Perfectionism, stress, and vulnerability to depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 10, 137-142.

25.

Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1993). Dimensions of perfectionism, daily stress, and depression: A test of the specific vulnerability hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 58-65.

26.

Hofmann, W., Baumeister, R. F., Förster, G., & Vohs, K. D. (2012). Everyday temptations: An experience sampling study of desire, conflict, and self-control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 1318-1335. doi: 10.1037/a0026545

27.

Hofmann, W., Vohs, K. D., & Baumeister, R. F. (2012). What people desire, feel conflicted about, and try to resist in everyday life. Psychological Science, 23, 582-588. doi: 10.1177/0956797612437426

28.

Hotopf, M. H., & Wessely, S. (1994). Viruses, neurosis and fatigue. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 499-514.

29.

Im, K. H., & Shim, E. J. (2015). The relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and fatigue: The mediating role of depression and anxiety. Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 20, 139-159.

30.

Kavanagh, D. J., Andrade, J., & May, J. (2005). Imaginary relish and exquisite torture: The elaborated intrusion theory of desire. Psychological Review, 112, 446-467.

31.

Kim, B. G., & Oh, S. S. (2009). The effect of experiencing failure on the self-esteem of overt and covert narcissists. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28, 1069-1081.

32.

Kirsh, K. L., Passik, S., Holtsclaw, E., Donaghy, K., & Theobald, D. (2001). I get tired for no reason: A single item screening for cancer-related fatigue. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 22, 931-937. doi: 10.1016/S0885-3924(01)00350-5

33.

Kitron, D. G. (1994). Depression and grandiosity: Clinical and theoretical issues in the treatment of narcissistic disturbances. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 24, 203-211. doi: 10.1007/BF02310349

34.

Kohut, H. (1971). The analysis of the self. New York, NY: International University Press.

35.

Kroenke, K., Wood, D. R., Mangelsdorff, A. D., Meier, N. J., & Powell, J. B. (1988). Chronic fatigue in primary care: Prevalence, patient characteristics, and outcome. JAMA, 260, 929-934. doi: 10.1001/jama.1988.03410070057028

36.

Kruglanski, A. W. (1996). Goals as knowledge structures. In P. M. Gollwitzer & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The psyhochology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior (pp. 599-618). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

37.

Lee, J. D., Seo, S. G., & Lee, H. J. (2007). Self-concept clarity and negative emotion in young adults with covert-overt narcissistic feature. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 26, 463-477.

38.

Lee, J. I., & Kwon, J. H. (2008). The effects of worry and emotional regulation on sleep and fatigue. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 27, 1-14.

39.

Magnusson, A. E., Nias, D. K. B., & White, P. D. (1996). Is perfectionism associated with fatigue?. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 41, 377-383.

40.

Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2, 99-113. doi: 10.1002/job.4030020205

41.

Miranda-Pettersen, K., Morais-De-Jesus, M., Daltro-Oliveira, R., Duarte Dias, A. D., Teles, C., Schinoni, M. I., . . . Quarantini, L. C. (2015). The fatigue impact scale for daily use in patients with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus chronic infections. Annals of Hepatology, 14, 310-316.

42.

Moberly, N. J., & Watkins, E. R. (2010). Negative affect and ruminative self-focus during everyday goal pursuit. Cognition and Emotion, 24, 729-739. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930802696849

43.

Morf, C. C., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001). Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: A dynamic self-regulatory processing model. Psychological Inquiry, 12, 177-196. doi: 10.1207/S15327965PLI1204_1

44.

Moss-Morris, R., Spence, M. J., & Hou, R. (2011). The pathway from glandular fever to chronic fatigue syndrome: Can the cognitive behavioural model provide the map?. Psychological Medicine, 41, 1099-1107.

45.

Muraven, M., Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Self-control as limited resource: Regulatory depletion patterns. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 774-789. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.774

46.

Omodei, M. M., & Wearing, A. J. (1990). Need satisfaction and involvement in personal projects: Toward an integrative model of subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 762-769. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.59.4.762

47.

Park, S. R., Shin, M. S., & Lee, H. J. (2005a). Self-evaluations and emotional characteristics of overt covert narcissists. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24, 255-266.

48.

Park, S. R., Shin, M. S., & Lee, H. J. (2005b). Explicit and indirect attributional styles of overt covert narcissists. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24, 465-474.

49.

Palys, T. S., & Little, B. R. (1983). Perceived life satisfaction and the organization of personal project systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 1221-1230. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.44. 6.1221

50.

Pilowsky, I. (1997). Abnormal illness behaviour. New York, NY: Wiley.

51.

Raskin, R., Novacek, J., & Hogan, R. (1991). Narcissistic self-esteem management. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 911.

52.

Raskin, R., & Hall, C. S. (1981). The Narcissistic Personality Inventory:Alternative form reliability and further evidence of construct validity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 45, 159-162. doi: 10. 1207/s15327752jpa4502_10

53.

Raskin, R., & Terry, H. (1988). A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 890-902. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.890

54.

Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models:Applications and data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.

55.

Rhodewalt, F., & Morf, C. C. (1995). Self and interpersonal correlates of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory: A review and new findings. Journal of Research in Personality, 29, 1-23.

56.

Švrakić, D. M. (1990). The functional dynamics of the narcissistic personality. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 44, 189-203. doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1990.44.2.189

57.

Theorell, T., Blomkvist, V., Lindh, G., & Evengard, B. (1999). Critical life events, infections, and symptoms during the year preceding chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): An examination of CFS patients and subjects with a nonspecific life crisis. Psychosomatic Medicine, 61, 304-310.

58.

White, C., & Schweitzer, R. (2000). The role of personality in the development and perpetuation of chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 48, 515-524. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3999(00)00087-8

logo