E-ISSN : 2733-4538
The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of Neurofeedback Training(NFT) on inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity in children with ADHD. Thirty two outpatient children with IQ scores over 70 who went to Chonbuk National University Hospital participated in this study. Before pre-test, children and their parents received a thorough explanation of the study and provided their consent form. Both children and their parents completed the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version-Korean Version (K-SADS-PL-K) and the Korean-ADHD Rating Scale- Parent(K-ARS-P). Children gained more than 16 points (boys) or 11 points(girls) as indicated by the Korean-ADHD Rating Scale-Parent. According to choice from children and their parents, children were divided into an NFT group (n=11), an NFT+medication group (n=9), and a medication group (n=9). All parents participants completed K-ARS at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and at four4 weeks follow-up. The NFT was administered for 20 training sessions to children in the NFT and NFT+medication groups. The results of this study were as follows: Inattention score for all groups decreased; however, the inattention score for the NFT group significantly decreased more than that of the medication group. Hyperactivity/impulsivity scores among the groups was not significant. Based on the results, it was concluded that NFT had a tendency to reduce symptoms in a manner similar to medication. Further, NFT was more positive than NFT+medication with respect to symptom improvement. Finally, the implications and the limitations of this study, and suggestions for future study were also discussed.
김옥정 (1998). 주의력결함 과잉행동장애 아동의 증후에 따른 치료 효과 비교 연구. 동아대학교 대학원 박사과정 학위청구논문.
김영신, 소유경, 노주선, 최낙경, 김세주, 고윤주 (2003). 한국어판 부모 및 교사용 ADHD 평가척도(K-ARS)의 규준 연구. 신경정신의학, 42(3), 352-359.
류문화 (1996). 자기교시 훈련이 주의집중결함 과잉행동 아동의 문제행동 수정에 미치는 효과. 대구대학교 대학원 박사학위 청구논문.
박난숙, 오경자 (1992). Methylphenidate 치료가 주의력결핍과잉활동아의 인지, 행동 및 사회, 학습, 정서적 적응에 미치는 효과. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 11(1), 145-160.
박인순, 박병운 (2003). 뉴로피드백을 이용한 뇌기능 최적화 연구-임상사례 중심. 한국정신과학학회 제 18회 2003년도 춘계학술대회 논문집, 4, 64-85.
반건호, 조아랑 (2002). 성인에서의 주의력결핍․과잉행동 장애. 경희의학, 18(3․4), 143-157.
서울시 소아청소년광역정신보건 센터 (2005). 2005년도 역학사업보고서- 서울시 소아청소년 정신장애 유병률 조사- . 서울시 소아청소년광역정신보건 센터.
신민섭 (2005). 아동정신병리의 진단평가(웩슬러 지능검사를 통한). 서울: 학지사.
신현균, 김진숙 (2000). 주의력 결핍 및 과잉행동 장애. 서울: 학지사.
유정영 (2009). 뉴로피드백 훈련이 ADHD 아동의 주의력 및 충동성에 미치는 효과. 부산대학교 대학원 석사과정 학위청구 논문.
장수진, 서동수, 변희정 (2007). 한국어판 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애 평가척도의 부모용 규준연구. 소아청소년정신의학, 18(1), 38- 48.
조수철, 신민섭 (2006). 소아정신병리의 진단과 평가. 서울: 학지사.
홍강의, 김종흔, 신민섭, 안동현 (1996). 주의산만․과잉운동을 주소로 소아정신과를 방문한 진단적 분류와 평가. 소아청소년정신의학, 7(2), 190-202.
Abikoff, H., Hechtman, L., Klein, R. G., Weiss, G., Fleiss, K., Etcovitch, J., Cousins, L., Greenfield, B., Marin, D., & Pollack, S. (2004b). Symptomatic improvement in children with ADHD treated with long-term methylphenidate and multimodal psychosocial treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 802-811.
American Psychiatric Association (1995). 정신장애의 진단 및 통계 편람 제 4판 [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed)]. (이근후 외 역). 서울: 하나의학사. (원전은 1994에 출판)
August, G. J., Realmuto, G. M., MacDonald, A. W., Nugent, S. M., & Crosby, R. (1996). Prevalence of ADHD and comorbid disorders among elementary school children screened fo disruptive behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24(5), 571-595.
Barkley, R. A. (1990) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. NY: Pergamon.
Baydala, L. & Wikman, E. (2001). The efficacy of neurofeedback in the management of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics and Child Health, 6(7), 451-455.
Clarke, A. R., Barry, R. J., McCarthy, R., & Selikowitz, M. (2001). Age and sex effects in the EEG: Differences in two subtypes of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Neurophysiology, 112(5), 815-826.
Corsini, R. J. (1981). Handbook of Innovative Psychotherapies. NY: Wiley.
DuPaul, G. & Eckert, T. L. (1997). The effects of school-based interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis. School Psychology Review, 26, 5-27.
DuPaul, G. J. & Stoner, G. D. (1994). ADHD in the schools: Assessment and intervention strategies. NY: Guilford.
Fox, D. J., Tharp, D. F., & Fox, L. C. (2005). Neurofeedback: An alternative and efficacious treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 30, 365-373.
Fuchs, T., Birbaumer, N., Lutzenberger, W., Gruzelier, J. H., & Kaiser, J. (2003). Neurofeedback treatment for attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in children: A comparison with methylphenidate. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 28(1), 1-12.
Gevensleben, H., Holl, B., Albrecht, B., Vogel, C., Schlamp, D., Kratz, O., Studer, P., Rothenberger, A., Moo, G. H., & Heinrich, H. (2009). Is neurofeedback an efficacious treatment for ADHD?: A randomised controlled clinical trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(7), 780-789.
Goldstein, S. & Goldstein, M. (1990). Managing attention disorders in children: A guide for practitioners. NY: Wiley.
Heinrich, H., Gevensleben, H., & Strehl, U. (2007). Annotation: Neurofeedback-train your brain to train behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 3-16.
Heywood, C. & Beale, I. (2003). EEG biofeedback vs. placebo treatment for attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: A pilot study. Journal of Attention Disorder, 7(1), 43-55.
Jasper, H. H. (1958). The ten-twenty electrode system of the international federation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 10, 371-375.
Kropotov, J. D., Grin-Yatsenko, V. A., Ponomarev, V. A., Chutko, L. S., Yakovenko, E. A., & Nikishena, I. S. (2005). ERPs correlates of EEG relative beta training in ADHD children. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 55, 23-34.
Linden, M., Habib, T., & Radojevic, V. (1993). A controlled study of the effects of EEG biofeedback on the cognition and behavior of children with attention deficit disorders and learning disabilities. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Lubar, J. F. (1991). Discourse on the development of EEG diagnostics and biofeedback for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation, 16, 201-224.
Lynam, D. R. (1996). Early identification of chronic offenders: Who is the fledgling psychopath? Psychological Bulletin, 120, 209-234.
Mannuzza, S., Klein, R. G., Bessler, A., Malloy, P., & LaPadula, M. (1998). Adult psychiatric status of hyperactive boys grown up. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 493-498.
Monastra, V. J., Monastra, D. M., & George, S. (2002). The effects of stimulant therapy, EEG biofeedback, and parenting style on the primary symptoms of attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 27(4), 231-249.
O'Leary, K. D., Becker, W. C., Evans, M. B., & Saudargas, R. A. (1969). A token reinforcement program in public school: A replication and systematic analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 2(1), 3-13.
Othmer, S. (1994). A discussion of alpha/theta training and SMR/beta training and their respective roles. Unpublished manuscript.
Patrick, N. & Friel, B. S. (2007). EEG biofeedback in the treatment of attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Alternative Medicine Review, 12(2), 146-51.
Patterson, G. R. (1974). Interventions for boys with conduct problem: Multiple settings, treatments, and criteria. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42(4), 471-481.
Rapport, M. D. & Moffitt, C. (2002). Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and methylphenidate: A review of height/weight, cardiovascular, and somatic complaint side effects. Clinical Psychological Review, 22, 1107-1131.
Rossiter, T. R. (2002). Neurofeedback for AD/HD: A ratio feedback case study and tutorial. Journal of Neurotherapy, 6, 9-35.
Rossiter, T. R. & LaVaque, T. J. (1995). A comparison of EEG biofeedback and psychostimulants in treating attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders. Journal of Neurotherapy, 1, 48-59.
Schachar, R. Herzog, W., & Leonard, T. (2002). Force enhancement above the initial isometric force on the descending limb of the force-length relationship. Journal of Biomechanics, 35(10), 1299-1306.
Schachter, H. M., Pham, B., King, J., Langford, S., & Moher, D. (2001). How efficacious and safe is short-acting methylphenidate for the treatment of attention-deficit disorder in children and adolescents? A meta-analysis. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 165, 1475-1488.
Sterman, M. B., Wyrwicka, W., & Howe, R. (1969). Behavioral and neurophysiological studies of the sensorimotor rhythm in the cat. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 27, 678-679.
Swanson, D. L., Mcburnett, K., Wigal, T., Pfiffner, L. J., Lerner, M. A., Williams, L., Christian, D. L., Tamm, L., Willcutt, E., Crowley, K., Clevenger, W., Khouzam, N., Woo, Christina, Crinella, F. M., & Fisher, T. D. (1993). Effect of stimulant medication on children with attention deficit disorder: A “review of reviews”. Exceptional Children, 60, 154-162.
Tansey, M. A. (1990). Righting the rhythms of reason: EEG biofeedback training as a therapeutic modality in a clinical office setting. Medical Psychotherapy, 3, 57-68.
Weiss, G. & Hechtman, L. T. (1986). Hyperactive children grown up. NY: The Guilford Press.