open access
메뉴
open access
메뉴
E-ISSN : 2733-4538
본 연구는 안구운동 추적장비를 사용하여 사회불안자의 정서(행복 및 분노) 몸짓 인식과정에서의 주의 특징을 규명하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 사회적 회피 및 불편감 점수를 기준으로 높은 사회불안 집단(19명)과 낮은 사회불안 집단(19명)을 선발하여 행복 및 분노몸짓을 각각 중립몸짓과 짝지어 제시한 후 안구운동을 측정하였다. 안구운동 측정 후에는 실험자극으로 사용된 사진 속 인물에 대해 정서 종류 및 강도, 악의, 위협 수준을 평정하였다. 실험 결과, 높은 사회불안 집단은 자극제시 직후 중립몸짓보다는 분노와 행복몸짓에 주의를 기울였다가 바로 회피하는 전형적인 경계-회피 반응을 보인 반면, 낮은 사회불안 집단은 분노몸짓에 대한 회피반응만을 보였다. 또한, 높은 사회불안 집단은 낮은 집단보다 행복몸짓을 더 위협적으로 평정하며 정서몸짓, 특히 분노몸짓의 강도를 강하고 위협적으로 지각할수록 더 강한 회피반응을 보였다. 이를 통해 높은 사회불안자가 분노와 행복몸짓에 대해 경계-회피반응을 보이며, 정서몸짓을 실제보다 더 위협적으로 지각하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.
The aim of the current study was to investigate the attentional process of emotional (happy and angry) bodily expression recognition of a group of individuals with social anxiety. We presented pairs of emotional (angry or happy) and neutral bodily expressions to 17 individuals with high social anxiety (HSA) and 19 individuals with low social anxiety (LSA) and measured eye-movement. Categorization of emotion and rating for emotional intensity, malice, and threatening level of bodily expression was performed after measurement of eye movement. According to the results, participants in the HSA group were initially fixated and immediately avoided to happy and angry body compared to neutral body. However, participants in the LSA group showed avoidance toward angry body only. In the subjective rating and categorization, participants in the HSA group perceived happy bodily expression as more threatening than those in the LSA group. In addition, participants perceived emotional bodily expression as more intense and threatening, they showed greater avoidance of staring at emotional bodily expression. These results imply that participants in the HSA group showed a vigilance-avoidance pattern toward emotional bodily expression and perceived emotional bodily expression as more intensive and threatening.
권석만 (1992). 우울과 불안의 관계: 유발 생활 사건과 인지내용에 있어서의 공통점과 차이점. 심리과학, 5(1), 13-38.
이정윤, 최정훈 (1997). 한국판 사회공포증 척도(K-SAD, K-FNE)의 신뢰도 및 타당도 연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 16(2), 251-264.
한덕웅, 이창호, 탁진국 (1993). Spielberger 상태-특성 불안 검사의 표준화. 학생지도연구, 10(1), 214-222.
Aina, Y., & Susman, J. L. (2006). Understanding comorbidity with depression and anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 106(5), 9-14.
American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
Amir, N., Beard, C., Taylor, C. T., Klumpp, H., Elias, J., Burns, M., & Chen, X. (2009). Attention training in individuals with generalized social phobia: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(5), 961-973.
Bannerman, R. L., Milders, M., de Gelder, B., & Sahraie, A. (2009). Orienting to threat: Faster localization of fearful facial expressions and body postures revealed by saccadic eye movements. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Science, 276(1662), 1635- 1641.
Bar-Haim, Y. (2010). Attention bias modification (ABM): A novel treatment for anxiety disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 51(8), 859- 870.
Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4(6), 561-571.
Bögels, S. M., & Mansell, W. (2004). Attention processes in the maintenance and treatment of social phobia: Hypervigilance, avoidance and self-focused attention. Clinical Psychology Review, 24(7), 827-856.
Cisler, J. M., & Koster, E. H. W. (2010). Mechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders: An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 203- 216.
Clark, D. M., & Wells. A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In R. G. Heimberg, M. R. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope, & F. R. Scheier (Eds.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment (pp.69-93). New York: The Guilford Press.
Coulson, M. (2004). Attributing emotion to static body postures: Recognition accuracy, confusions, and viewpoint dependence. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 28(2), 117-139.
de Gelder, B. (2009). Why bodies? Twelve reasons for including bodily expressions in affective neuroscience. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London, 364, 3475-3484.
Ekman, P. (1965). Differential communication of affect by head and body cues. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2(5), 725-735.
Gamble, A. L., & Rapee, R. M. (2010). The time-course of attention to emotional faces in social phobia. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41(1), 39-44.
Garner, M., Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2006). Orienting and maintenance of gaze to facial expressions in social anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(4), 760-770.
Gilbert, T., Martin, R., & Coulson, M. (2011). Attentional biases using the body in the crowd task: Are angry body postures detected more rapidly? Cognition & Emotion, 25(4), 700- 708.
Hadjikhani, N., & de Gelder, B. (2003). Seeing fearful body expressions activates the fusiform cortex and amygdala. Current Biology, 13(24), 2201-2205.
Harrigan, J. A., Rosenthal, R., & Scherer, K. (2008). The new handbook of methods in nonverbal behaviour research. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Joormann, J. (2009). Cognitive aspects of depression. In I. H. Gotlib & C. L. Hammen (Eds.), Handbook of depression(2nd ed., pp.298- 321). NY: Guilford Press.
Kret, M. E. (2011). Context, gender and personality factors influencing the perception of facial and bodily expressions of emotion (Doctoral dissertation). Tilburg University, Netherlands.
Leary, M. R. (1983). A brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9(3), 371-375.
Mathews, A., & Mackintosh, B. (1998). A cognitive model of selective processing in anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22(6), 539-560.
Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (2002). Induced processing biases have causal effects on anxiety. Cognition & Emotion, 16(3), 331-354.
Mogg, K., Philippot, P., & Bradley, B. P. (2004). Selective attention to angry faces in clinical social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113(1), 160-165.
Schneider, W., Eschman, A., & Zuccolotto, A. (2007). E-Prime 2.0 user’s guide. Pittsburgh, PA: Psychology Software Tools.
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, C.A.: Consulting Psychologist Press
Staugaard, S. R. (2010). Threatening faces and social anxiety: A literature review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(6), 669-690.
Stevens, S., & Rist, F. (2009). Influence of alcohol on the processing of emotional facial expressions in individuals with social phobia. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48(2), 125-140.
Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33(4), 448-457.
Wieser, M., Pauli, P., Weyers, P., & Alpers, G. (2009). Fear of negative evaluation and the hypervigilance-avoidance hypothesis: An eye- tracking study. Journal of Neural Transmission, 116(6), 717-723.
Williams, J. M., Watts, F. N., MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (1997). Cognitive psychology and emotional disorder. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
