open access
메뉴
open access
메뉴
E-ISSN : 2733-4538
This study investigated deficits in spatial working memory in female college students with schizotypal traits using a delayed-response task and event-related potentials (ERPs). The schizotypal trait (n=15) and normal control (n=16) groups were determined based on scores on the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. The delayed-response task consisted of two conditions, i.e., maintenance (to judge whether the locations between the present and previously presented stimuli were the same or not) and manipulation (to manipulate the location of the presented stimulus based on the instructions, and to judge whether the location of the present stimulus was consistent with that of manipulated) conditions. In terms of response times (RTs), both groups showed significantly faster RTs in maintenance than in manipulation conditions. The schizotypal trait group showed significantly longer RTs in both conditions than the control group. In terms of accuracy rate, the two groups did not differ significantly in the maintenance condition, whereas in the manipulation condition, the schizotypal trait group showed a significantly lower accuracy rate than the control group. In terms of ERP results, P200 amplitude was greater in the manipulation condition than in the maintenance condition. The two groups did not differ significantly in P200 amplitudes in the maintenance condition, whereas the schizotypal trait group showed significantly greater P200 amplitude than the control group in the manipulation condition. The two groups did not differ significantly in P400 amplitudes. Since the P200 is considered to reflect the executive aspects of spatial working memory, including allocation of attention and resources, the present results indicate that individuals with schizotypal trait have impaired spatial working memory, which could serve as a trait-marker of schizosprectrum disorder.
강연욱 (1994). 누가 왼손잡이인가? 한국인들의 손잡이(handedness) 평가. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 13, 97-113.
김명선, 권준수, 김재진 (2004). 작업기억의 신경생리적 기전: 사건관련전위 연구. 한국임상심리학회지: 임상, 23, 313-326.
문희옥, 양익홍, 이홍표, 김묘은, 함 웅 (1997). 한국판 분열형 성격척도의 타당화 예비연구. 신경정신의학. 36, 329-343.
전춘수, 김명선 (2010). 분열형 인격성향과 강박성향을 가진 여자대학생의 신경심리 프로파일 비교. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 29, 1299-1335.
한오수, 안준호, 송선희, 조맹제, 김장규, 배재남, 조성진, 정범수, 서동우, 함봉진, 이동우, 박종익, 홍진표 (2000). 한국어 판 구조화 임상면담도구 개발: 신뢰도 연구. 신경정신의학. 39, 362-372.
Bachman, P., Kim, J., Yee, C. M., Therman, S., Manninen, M., Lӧnnqvist, J., Kaprio, J., Huttunen, M. O., Nӓӓtӓnen, R., & Cannon, T. D. (2009). Efficiency of working memory encoding in twins discordant for schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging, 174, 97-104.
Baddeley, A. (1986). Working memory. Oxford University Press, NY.
Baddeley, A. (1992). Working memory. Science, 255, 556-559.
Barch, D. M., & Smith, E. (2008). The cognitive neuroscience of working memory: relevanc to CNTRICS and schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 64, 11-17.
Bor, J., Brunelin, J., Sappey-Marinier, D., Ibarrola, D., d'Amato, T., Suaud-Chagny, M. F., & Saoud, M. (2011). Thalamus abnormalities during working memory in s chizophrenia. An fMRI study. Schizophrenia research, 125, 49-53.
Callicott, J. H., Mattay, V. S., Verchinski, B. A., Marenco, S., Egan, M. F., & Weinberger, D. R. (2003). Complexity of prefrontal cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia: more than up or down. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 2209-2215.
Cannon, T. D., Glahn, D. C., Kim, J., Van Erp, T. G. M., Karlsgodt, K., Cohen, M. S., Nuechterlein, K. H., Bava, S., & Shirinyan, D. (2005). Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity during maintenance and manipulation of information in working memory in patients with schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 1071-1080.
Carter, C., Robertson, L., Nordahl, T., Chaderjian, M., Kraft, L., & O'Shora-Celaya, L. (1996). Spatial working memory deficits and their relationship to negative symptoms in unmedicated schizophrenia patients. Biological psychiatry, 40, 930-932.
Cervellione, K. L., Burdick, K. E., Cottone, J. G., Rhinewine, J. P., & Kumra, S. (2007). Neurocognitive deficits in adolescents with schizophrenia: longitudinal stability and predictive utility for short-term functional outcome. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 867-878.
Cohen, A. S., & Najolia, G. M. (2011). Birth characteristics and schizotypy: evidence of potential ‘second hit’. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45, 955-961.
Coleman, M. J., Krastoshevsky, O., Tu, X., Mendell, N. R., & Levy, D. L. (2009). The effects of perceptual encoding on the magnitude of object working memory impairment in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 139, 60-65.
D'Esposito, M., Postle, B. R., Ballard, D., & Lease, J. (1999). Maintenance versus manipulation of information held in working memory: An Event-Related fMRI study. Brain and Cognition, 41, 66-86.
Dickey, C. C., McCarley, R. W., & Shenton, M. E. (2002). The brain in schizotypal personality disorder: a review of structural MRI and CT findings. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 10, 1- 15.
Donchin, E., & Coles, M. G. H. (1988). Is the P300 component a manifestation of context updating? Behavioral Brain Science, 11, 343- 356.
First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbson, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1996). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorder. New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York.
Fuller, R., Nopoulos, P., Arndt, S., O'Leary, D., Ho, B. C., & Andreasen, N. C. (2002). Longitudinal assessment of premorbid cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia through examination of standardized scholastic test performance. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1183-1189.
Fusar-Poli, P., Broome, M. R., Matthiasson, P., Woolley, J. B., Johns, L. C., Tabraham, P., Bramon, E., Valmaggia, L., Williams, S. C., & McGuire, P. (2010). Spatial working memory in individuals at high risk for psychosis: longitudinal fMRI study. Schizophrenia Research, 123, 45-52.
Gasperoni, T. L., Ekelund, J., Huttunen, M., Palmer, C. G., Tuulio-Henriksson, A., Lonngvist, J., Kaprio, J., Peltonen, L., & Cannon, T. D. (2003). Genetic linkage and association between chromosome 1q and working memory function in schizophrenia. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B (Neuropsychiatric Genetics), 116B, 8-16.
Gevins, A. S., & Cutillo, B. C. (1993). Neuroelectric evidence for distributed processing In human working memory. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 87, 128-143.
Gevins, A., Smith, M. E., Le, J., Leong, H., Bennett, J., Martin, N., McEvoy, L., Du, R., & Whitfield, S. (1996). High resolution evoked potential imaging of the cortical dynamics of human working memory. Electroencephalolography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 98, 327-348.
Gevins, A., & Smith, M. E. (2000). Neurophysiological measures of working memory and individual differences in cognitive ability and cognitive style. Cerebral Cortex, 10, 829-839.
Glahn, D. C., Kim, J., Cohen, M. S., Poutanen, V. P., Therman, S., Bava, S., Van Erp, T. G. M., Manninen, M., Huttunen, M., Lonnqvis, J., Standertskjold-Nordenstam, C. G., & Cannon, T. D. (2002). Maintenance and manipulation in spatial working memory: dissociations in the prefrontal cortex. NeuroImage, 17, 201-213.
Glahn, D. C., Therman, S., Manninen, M., Huttunen, M., Kaprio, J., Lonnqvist, J., & Cannon, T. D. (2003). Spatial working memory as an endophenotype for schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 53, 624-626.
Gold, J. M., Carpenter, C., Randolph, C., Goldberg, T. E., & Weinberger, D. R. (1997). Auditory working memory and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 159-165.
Gooding, D. C., Matts, C. W. & Rollmann, E. A. (2006). Sustained attention deficits in relation to psychometrically identified schizotypy: Evaluating a potential endophenotypic marker. Schizophrenia Research, 82, 27-37.
Gottesman, I. I., & Gould, T. D. (2003). The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 636-645.
Green, M. F. (1996). What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 321-330.
Green, M. F., Kern, R. S., Braff, D. L., & Mintz, J. (2000). Neurocognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia: are we measuring the “right stuff”? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26, 119-136.
Hautzel, H., Mottaghy, F. M., Schmidt, D., Zemb, M., Shah, N. J., Muller-Gartner, H. W., & Krause, B. J. (2002). Topographic segregation and convergence of verbal, object, shape and spatial working memory in humans. Neuroscience Letters, 323, 156-160.
Henry, J. D., Green, M. J., Restuccia, C., de Lucia, A., Rendell, P. G., McDonald, S., & Grisham, J. R. (2009). Emotion dysregulation and schizotypy. Psychiatry Research, 166, 116- 124.
Hillyard, S. A., Hink, R. F., Schwent, V. L., & Picton, T. W. (1973). Electrical signs of selective attention in the human brain. Science, 182, 177-180.
Jonides, J., Smith, E. E., Koeppe, R. A., Awh, E., Minoshima, S., & Mintun, M. A. (1993). Spatial working memory in humans as revealed by PET. Nature, 363, 623-625.
Kang, S. S., Sponheim, S. R., Chafee, M. V., & MacDonald, A. W. (2011). Distributed functional connectivity for controlled visual processing as a basis for impaired spatial working memory in schizophrenia. Neuropsychologia, 49, 2836-2847.
Karlsgodt, K. H., Glahn, D. C., van Erp, T. G., Therman, S., Huttunen, M., Manninen, M., Kaprio, J., Cohen, M. S., Lӧnnqvist, J., Cannon, T. D. (2007). The relationship between performance and fMRI signal during working memor in patients with schizophrenia, unaffected co-twins, and control subjects. Schizophrenia Research, 89, 191-197.
Kiang, M. & Kutas, M. (2005). Association of schizotypy with semantic processing differences: an event-related brain potential study. Schizophrenia Research 77, 329-342.
Kim, J., Glahn, D. C., Nuechterlein, K. H., & Cannon, T. D. (2004). Maintenance and manipulation of information in schizophrenia further evidence for impairment in the central executive component of working memory. Schizophrenia research, 68, 173-187.
Kim, J., Park, S., Shin, Y. W., Lee, K. J., & Kwon, J. S. (2006). Self-initiated encoding facilitates object working memory in schizophrenia: implications for the etiology of working memory deficit. Schizophrenia Research, 82, 65-74.
Kim, M. S., Oh, S. H., Hong, M. H., & Choi, D. B. (2011). Neuropsychologic profile of college students with schizotypal traits. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 52, 511-516.
Laurent, A., Halim, V., Sechier, P., Daumal, M., Foussard, N., Dumas, P., Dalery, J., & d'Amato, T. (2001). Vulnerability to schizophrenia: neuropsychological performance and schizotypal personality traits. L'Encephale, 27, 173-179.
Lee, J., & Park, S. (2005). Working memory impairments in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 599-611.
Lejbak, L., Crossley, M., & Vrbancic, M. (2011), A male advantage for spatial and object but not verbal working memory using the n-back task. Brain and Cognition, 76, 191-196.
Lin, H. F., Liu, Y. L., Liu, C. M., Hung, S. I., Hwu, H. G., & Chen, W. J. (2005). Neuregulin 1 gene and variations in perceptual aberration of schizotypal personality in adolescents. Psychological Medicine, 35, 1589- 1598.
Liu, D., Guo, C., & Luo, J. (2010). An electrophysiological analysis of maintenance and manipulation in working memory. Neuroscience Letters, 482, 123-127.
Luck, S. L. (2005). An introduction to the event-related potential technique. Massachusetts institute of technology, 21-25.
Maeno, T., Gjini, K., Iramina, K., Eto, F., & Ueno, S. (2004). Event-related potential P2 derived from visual attention to semi-space: source localization with LORETA. International Congress Series, 1270, 262-265.
Manoach, D. S., Press, D. Z., Thangaraj, V., Searl, M. M., Goff, D. C., Halpern, E., Saper, C. B., & Warach, S. (1999). Schizophrenic Subjects Activate Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during a working memory task, as measured by fMRI. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 1128-1137.
McEvoy, L. K., Pellouchoud, E., Smith, M. E., & Gevins, A. (2001). Neurophysiological signals of working memory in normal aging. Cognitive Brain Research, 11, 363-376.
Mitropoulou, V., Harvey, P. D., Zegarelli, G., New, A. S., Silverman, J. M., & Siever, L. J. (2005). Neuropsychological performance in schizotypal personality disorder: Importance of working memory. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1896-1903.
Morrens, M., Hulstijn, W., Lewi, P. J., Hert, M. D., & Sabbe, B. G. (2006). Stereotypy in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 84, 397- 404.
Niendam, T. A., Bearden, C. E., Rosso, I. M., sanchez, L. E., Hadley, T., Nuechterlein, K. H., & Cannon, T. D. (2003). A prospecive study of childhood neurocognitive functioning in schizophrenic patients and their siblings. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 2060- 2062.
Nystrom, L. E., Braver, T. S., Sabb, F. W., Delgado, M. R., Noll, D. C., & Cohen, J. D. (2000). Working memory for letters, shapes and locations: fMRI evidence against stimulus- based regional organization in human prefrontal cortex. Neuroimage, 11, 424-446.
Park, S. & Holzman, P. S. (1992). Schizophrenics show spatial working memory deficits. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 975-982.
Park, S., Holzman, P. S., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1995). Spatial working memory deficits in the relatives of schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 52, 821-828.
Park, S. & McTigue, K. (1997). Working memory and the syndromes of schizotypal personality. Schizophrenia Research, 26, 213-220.
Perry, W., Heaton, R. K., Potterat, E., Roebuck, T., Minassian, A., & Braff, D. L. (2001). Working memory in schizophrenia: transient “on-line” storage versus executive functioning. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 27, 157-176.
Piskulic, D., Olver, J. S., Norman, T. R., & Maruff, P. (2007). Behavioral studies of spatial working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia: a quantitative literature review. Psychiatry Research, 150, 111-121.
Raine, A. (1991). The SPQ: a scale for the assessment of schizotypal personality based on DSM-III-R criteria. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 17, 555-564.
Riotman, S. E. L., Mitropoulou, V., Keefe, R. S. E., Silverman, J. M., Serby, M., Harvey, P. D., Reynolds, D. A., Mohs, R. C., & Siever, L. J. (2000). Visuospatial working memory in schizotypal personality disorder patients. Schizophrenia Research, 41, 447-455.
Saperstein, A. M., Fuller, R. L., Avila, M. T., Adami, H., McMahon, R. P., Thaker, G. K., & Gold, J. M. (2006). Spatial working memory as a cognitive endophenotype of schizophrenia: assessing risk for pathophysiological dysfunction. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32, 498-506.
Schendan, H. E. & Kutas, M. (2003). Time course of processes and representations supporting visual object identification and memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 111-135.
Selemon, L. D. & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1999). The reduced neuropilhyothesis: a circuit based model of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 17-25.
Siever, L. J., Koenigsberg, H. W., Harvey, P., Mitropoulou, V., Laruelle, M., Abi-Dargham, A., Goodman, M., & Buchsbaum, M. (2002). Cognitive and brain function in schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophrenia Research, 54, 157-167.
Siever, L. J. & Davis, K. L. (2004). The pathophysiology of schizophrenia disorders: perspectives from the spectrum. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 398-413.
Smith, C. W., Park, S., & Cornblatt, B. (2006). Spatial working memory deficits in adolescents at clinical high risk for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 81, 211-215.
Sorensen, H. J., Mortensen, E. L., Parnas, J., & Mednick, S. A. (2006). Premorbid neurocognitive functioning in schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32, 578-583.
Spaulding, W., Garbin, C. P., & Dras, S. R. (1989). Cognitive abnormalities in schizophrenic patients and schizotypal college students. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 177, 717-728.
Tek, C., Gold, J., Blaxton, T., Wilk, C., McMahon, R. P., & Buchanan, R. W. (2002). Visual perceptual and working memory impairments in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 146-153.
Thakkar, K., & Park, S. (2012). Impaired passive maintenance and spared manipulation of internal representations in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38, 787- 795.
Tucker, D. M. (1993). Spatial sampling of head electrical fields: the geodesic sensor net. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 87, 154-163.
Voglmaier, M. M., Seidman, L. J., Salisbury, D., & McCarley, R. W. (1997). Neuropsychological dysfunction in schizotypal personality disorder: a profile analysis. Biological Psychiatry, 41, 530- 540.
Wood, S. J., Pantelis, C., Proffitt, T., Phillips, L. J., Stuart, G. W., Buchanan, J. A., Mahony, K., Brewer, W., Smith, D. J., McGorry, P. D. (2003). Spatial working memory ability is a marker of risk-for-psychosis. Psychological Medicine, 33, 1239-1247.
Yan, C., Liu, W. H., Cao, Y., & Chan, R. C. K. (2011). Self-reported pleasure experience and motivation in individuals with schizotypal personality disorders proneness. East Asian Archives of Psychiatry, 21, 115-122.
Zimmer, H. D. (2008). Visual and spatial working memory: from boxes to networks. Neuroscience and Behavioral Reviews, 32, 1373-1395.
Zong, J., Chan, R. C. K., Stone, W. S., Hsi, X., Cao, X., Zhao, Q., Shi, Y., Wang, Y., & Wang, Y. (2010). Coping flexibility in young adults: comparison between subjects with and without schizotypal personality features. Schizophrenia Research, 122, 185-192.