E-ISSN : 2733-4538
This study examined the effectiveness of the Internet-based self-help program for social anxiety disorder. Twenty six individuals with social anxiety disorder were assigned to eight sessions of the internet-based self-help program or to a waiting list control group. Korean version of Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS), Brief Fear of negative Evaluation Scale (BFNE), Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS), Social Phobia Scale (SPS), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were administered before, after four sessions, and after treatment to all participants. The effectiveness of the Internet-based self-help program was analyzed using repeated-measure ANOVAs. Participants in the self-help program showed significant improvement on SADS, SPS, but changes were not significant on BFNE and SIAS. In addition, there were moderate to large effect sizes (0.70 to 1.21). These findings demonstrated that the Internet-based self-help program could provide a cost effective intervention method for individuals with social anxiety disorder.
권정혜, 이정윤, 조선미 (1997). 사회공포증의 인지치료-집단인지치료 지침서. 미발행.
권정혜 (2007). 사회공포증 인지행동치료의 최근동향. 인지행동치료, 7, 1~15.
윤혜영, & 권정혜 (2010). 사회공포증 하위 유형 분류에서의 대인관계 문제적 접근: 임상 특징 및 치료 효과를 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 29(1), 259-284.
이상희 (2006). 직장인의 스트레스 관리능력 향상을 위한 웹기반 상담프로그램 개발 및 효과 분석. 서울대학교 박사학위 청구논문.
이정윤, 최정훈 (1997). 한국판 사회공포증 척도(K-SAD, K-FNE)의 신뢰도 및 타당도 연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상. 16, 251-264.
장현아, 안창일 (2003). 사회공포증의 사이버 집단상담의 효과. 한국심리학회지: 임상. 22, 93-108.
조용래, 원호택, 표경식 (2000). 사회공포증에 대한 집단인지치료의 효과. 한국심리학회지: 임상 19, 181-206.
Acarturk, C., Cuijpers, P., van Straten, A., & de Graaf, R. (2008). Psychological treatment of social anxiety disorder: a meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 39(2), 241.
Alcaniz, M., Botella, C., Banos, R., Perpina, C., Rey, B., Lozano, J. A., Guillén, V., Barrera, F., & Gil, J. A. (2003). Internet-based telehealth system for the treatment of agoraphobia. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 355- 358.
Anderson, P., Zimand, E., Schmertz, S. K., & Ferrer, M. (2007). Usability and utility of a computerized cognitive-behavioral self-help program for public speaking anxiety. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 14, 198-207.
Andersson, G., & Kaldo, V. (2004). Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for tinnitus. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 171-178.
Andersson, G., Bergstrӧm, J., Holländare, F., Ekselius, L., & Carlbring, P. (2004). Delivering CBT for mild to moderate depression via the Internet: Predicting outcome at 6-months follow-up. Verhaltens- therapie, 14, 185-189.
Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., Holmstrӧm, A., Sparthan, E., Furmark, T., Nilsson-Ihrfelt, E., Buhrman, M., & Ekselius, L. (2006). Internet-based self-help with therapist feedback and in vivo group exposure for social phobia: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 677-686.
Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., Kaldo, V., & Strӧm, L. (2004). Screening of psychiatric disorders via the Internet: A pilot study with tinnitus patients. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 58, 287-291.
Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., & Furmark, T. (2012). Therapist experience and knowledge acquisition in Internet-delivered CBT for social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. PloS one, 7(5), e37411.
Andersson, G., Lundstrom, P., & Strӧm, L. (2003). Internet-based treatment of headache: Does telephone contact add anything? Headache, 43, 353-361.
Andersson, G., Strӧmgren, T., Strӧm, L., & Lyttkens, L. (2002). Randomized controlled trial of Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy for distress associated with tinnitus. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64, 810-816.
Barlow, D. H. (1988). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. New York: Guilford Press.
Barlow, D. H., Levitt, J. T., & Bufka, L. F. (1999). The dissemination of empirically supported treatments: A view to the future. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, S147-S162.
Beck A. T., Emery, G., & Greenberg, R. L. (1985). Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective. New York: Basic Books.
Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., & Dancu, C. V., (1985). Physiological, cognitive and behavioral aspects of social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 109-117.
Berger, T., Hohl, E., Caspar, F., Berger, T., Hohl, E., Caspar, F., Caspar, Franz. (2009). Internet-based treatment for social phobia: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65, 1021.
Berger, T., Caspar, F., Richardson, R., Kneubühler, B., Sutter, D., & Andersson, G. (2011). Internet-based treatment of social phobia: a randomized controlled trial comparing unguided with two types of guided self-help. Behaviour research and therapy, 49(3), 158-169.
Botella, C., Banos, R., Guillén, V., Perpina, C., Alcaniz, M., & Pons, A. (2000). Telepsychology: Public speaking fear treatment on the Internet. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 3, 959-968.
Botella, C., Guillén, V., Garcia-Palacios, A., Gallego, M. J., Banos, R. M., & Alcaniz, M. (2007). Telepsychology and self-help: The treatment of fear of public speaking. Cognitive and behavioral Practice, 14, 46-57
Brandon, T. H., Collins, B. N., Juliano, L. M., & Lazev, A. B. (2000). Preventing relapse among former smokers: A comparison of minimal interventions through telephone and mail. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 103-113.
Buhrman, M., Fältenhag, S., Strӧm, L., & Andersson, G. (2004). Controlled trial of Internet-based treatment with telephone support for chronic back pain. Pain, 111, 368-377.
Butler, G., Cullington, A., Munby, M., Amies, P., & Gelder, M. (1984). Exposure and anxiety managenent in the treatment of social phobia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 642-650.
Butler, G. (1985). Exposure as a treatment for social phobia: Some instructive difficulties. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 651-657.
Carlbring, P., Apelstrand, M., Sehlin, H., Amir, N., Rousseau, A., Hofmann, S. G., & Andersson, G. (2012). Internet-delivered attention bias modification training in individuals with social anxiety disorder-a double blind randomized controlled trial. Bio Med Central psychiatry, 12(1), 66.
Carlbring, P., Ekselius, L., & Andersson, G. (2003). Treatment of panic disorder via the Internet: A randomized trial of CBT vs. applied relaxation. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 34, 129-140.
Carlbring, P., Nilsson-Ihrfelt, E., Waara, J., Kollenstam, C., Burman, M., Kaldo, V., Sӧderberg, M., Ekselius, L., & Andersson, G. (2004). Treatment of panic disorder: Live therapy vs. self-help via Internet. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 1321-1333.
Carlbring, P., Westling, B. E., Ljungstrand, P., Ekselius, L., & Andersson, G. (2001). Treatment of panic disorder via the Internet: A randomized trial of a self-help program. Behavior Therapy, 32, 751-764.
Celio, A. A., Winzelberg, A. J., Wilfley, D., Eppstein, D., Springer, E. A., Dev, P., & Taylor, C. B. (2000). Reducing risk factors for eating disorders: Comparison of and Internet- and a classroom-delivered psychoeducational program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 650-657.
Christensen, H., Griffiths, K. M., & Jorm, A. F. (2004). Delivering interventions for depression by using the Internet: Randomised controlled trial. The British Medical Journal, 328, 265-370.
Clark, D. B., & Agras, W. S. (1991). The assessment and treatment of performance anxiety in musicians. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 598-605.
Clarke, G., Reid, E., Eubanks, D., O'Connor, E., DeBar, L. L., Kelleher, C., Lynch, F., & Nunley, S. (2002). Overcoming depression on the Internet (ODIN): A randomized controlled trial of an Internet depression skills intervention program. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 4, e14.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
DeWitt, D. J., Ogborne, A. C., Offord, D. R., & MacDonald, K. (1999). Antecedents of the risk of recovery from DSM-lll-R social phobia. Psychological Medicine, 29, 569-582.
Devineni, T., & Blanchard, E. B. (2004). A randomized controlled trial of an internet-based treatment for chronic headache. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 277-292.
Emmelkamp, P. M. G., (1982). Phobic and obsessive-compulsive disorders: Theory, research, and practice. New York: Plemum Press.
Enock, P. M., Hofmann, S. G., & McNally, R. J. (2014). Attention bias modification training via smartphone to reduce social anxiety: A randomized, controlled multi-session experiment. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 38, 200-216.
Feske, C., & Chambless, D. L., (1995). Cognitive behavioral versus exposure only treatment for social phobia: A meta-analysis. Behavior Therapy, 26, 695-720.
Gelernter, C. S., Uhde, T. W., Cimbolic, P., Arnkoff, D. B., Vittone, B. J., Tancer, M. E., & Bartko, J. J. (1991). Cognitive-behavioral and pharmacologicat treatment for social phobia: A controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 938-945.
Glasgow, R., & Rosen, G. (1978). Behavioral bibliotherapy: A review of self-help behavior therapy manuals. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 1-23.
Gregory, R. J., Canning, S. S., Lee, T. W., & Wise, J. C. (2004). Cognitive bibliotherapy for depression: A meta-analysis. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35, 275-280.
Harvey-Berio, J., Pintauro, S., Buzzell, P., DiGiulio, M., Casey G. B., Moldovan, C., & Ramirez, E. (2002). Does using the Internet facilitate the maintenance of weight loss. International Journal of Obesity, 26, 1254-1260.
Heimberg, R. G. (1991). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of social phobia in a group setting: A treatment manual. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Albany.
Heimberg, R. G., Dodge, C. S., Hope, D. A., Kennedy, C. R., Zollo, L., & Becker, R. E. (1990). Cognitive-behavioral group treatment of social phobia: Comparison to a credible placebo control. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 1-23.
Heimberg, R. G., Juster, H. R., Brown, E. J., Holle, C., Makris, G. S., Leung, A. W., Schneier, F. R., Gitow A., & Liebowitz, M. R. (1994). Cognitive-behavioral versus pharmacological treatment of social phobia: Posttreatment and follow-up effects. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, San Diego, CA.
Heimberg, R. G., Liebowitz M. R., & Hope, D. A. (1998). Cognitive-behavioral group therapy versus phenelzine therapy for social phobia: 12-week outcome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 1133-1141.
Hirai, M., & Clum, G. A., (2006). A meta-analytic study of self-help interventions for anxiety problems. Behavior Therapy, 37, 99-111.
Hofmann, S. G., (2004). Cognitive mediation of treatment change in social phobia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 392-399.
Hope, D. A. (1990). Cognitive-behavioral group treatment for social phobia: How important is the cognitive component? Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation.
Hope, D. A., Heimberg, R. G., & Bruch, M. A. (1990). The importance of cognitive interventions in behavioral group therapy for social phobia. Paper presented at the 10th National Conference on Phobias and Related Anxiety Disorders, Bethesda. MD.
Hope, D. A., Heimberg, R. G., & Bruch, M. A. (1995). Dismantling cognitive-behavioral group therapy for social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 33, 637-650.
Jerome, A., Fiero, P. L., & Behar, A. (2000). Computerized scheduled gradual reduction for smokeless tobacco cessation: Development and preliminary evaluation of a self-help program. Computers in Human Behavior, 16, 493-505.
Kaldo, V., Larsen, H. C., & Andersson, G. (in press). Internet-based cognitive-behavioral self-help treatment of tinnitus: Clinical effectiveness and predictors of outcome. American Journal of Audiology, 13, 185-192.
Katz, A. H., Hedrick, H. L., Isenberg, D. H., Thompson, L. M., & Goodrich, T. (1992), Self-group concepts and application. Philadelphia: The Chales Press.
Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., Wittchen, H. U., & Kendler, K. S. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-Ⅲ-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8-19.
Klein, B., & Richards, J. C. (2000). A brief Internet-based treatment for panic disorder. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 29, 113-117.
Kovalski, T. M., & Horan, J. J. (1999). The effects of internet-based cognitive restructuring on the irrational career beliefs of adolescent girls. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An international Quarterly, 13, 145-152.
Landau, B. M. (2001). Psychotherapy online in 2001: For psychotherapist new to the Internet. Journal of mental Imagery, 25, 62-82.
Lange, A., Rjetdijk, D., Hudcovicova, M., van de Ven, J. P., Schrieken, B., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2003). Interapy: A controlled randomized trial of the standardized treatment of posttraumatic stress through the Internet. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 901-909.
Lange, A., Schrieken, B., van de Ven, J. P., Bredeweg, B., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., van der Kolk, J., Lydsdottir, L., Massaro, M., & Reuvers, A. (2000). Interapy: the effects of a short protocolled treatment of posttraumatic stress and pathological grief through the Internet. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 20, 175-192.
Lange, A., van de Ven, J. P., & Schrieken, B. (2003). Interapy: treatment of post-traumatic stress via the Internet. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 32, 110-124.
Lange, A., van de Ven, J. P., Schrieken, B., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G., (2001). Interapy. Treatment of posttraumatic stress through the Internet: A controlled trial. Journal of behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 32, 73-90.
Lieberman, D. Z. (2003). An automated treatment for jet lag delivered through the Internet. Psychiatric Services, 54, 394-396.
Lieberman, M. A., Golant, M., Giese-Davis, J., Winzlenberg, A., Benjamin, H., Humpreys, K., Kronenwetter, C., Russo, S., & Spiegel, D. (2003). Electronic support groups for breast carcinoma. A clinical trial of effectiveness. Cancer, 97, 920-925.
Lorig, K. R., Laurent, D. D., Deyo, R. A., Marnell, M. E., Minor, M. A., & Ritter, P. L. (2002). Can a back pain e-mail discussion group improve health status and lower health care costs. A randomized study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 162, 792-796.
Lucas, R. A., & Telch, M. J. (1993). Group versus individual treatment of social phobia. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Atlanta, GA.
Magee, W. J., Eaton, W. W., Wittchen, H. U., McGonagle, K. A., & Kessler, R. C. (1996). Agoraphobia, simple phobia, and social phobia in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 159-168.
Marks, I. M., Mataix-Cols, D., Kenwright, M., Cameron, R., Hirsch, S., & Gega, L. (2003). Pragmatic evaluation of computer-aided self-help for anxiety and depand ion. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 183, 57-65.
Marks, I., Shaw, S., & Parkin, R. (1998). Computer-aided treatments of mental health problems. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 5, 151-170.
Mattick, R. P., & Peters, L. (1988). Treatment of severe social phobia: Effects of guided exposure with and without cognitive restructuring. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 251-260.
Mattick, R. P., Lorna, P., & Clarke, J. C. (1989). Exposure and cognitive restructuring for social phobia: A controlled study. Behavior Therapy, 20, 3-23.
Newman, M. G., Erickson, T., Przeworski, A., & Dzus, E. (2003). Self-help and minimal contact therapies for anxiety disorders: Is human contact necessary for therapeutic efficacy? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59, 251-274.
Norcross, J. C. (2006). Integrating self-help into psychotherapy: 16 practical suggestions. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 37, 683-693.
Olfson, M., Guardino, M., Struening, E., Schneier, F. R., Hellman, F., & Klein, D. F. (2000). Barriers to the treatment of social anxiety. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 152-527.
Peter, L. (2000). Discriminant validity of Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory (SPAI), the Social Phobia Scale (SPS), and the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 943-950.
Proudfoot, J. G., (2004). Computer-based treatment for anxiety and depression: Is it feasible? Is it effective? Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 28, 353-363.
Richards, J. C., & Alvarenga, M. E. (2002). Extention and replication of an Internet-based treatment program for panic disorder. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 31, 41-47.
Ritterband, L. M., Gonder-Frederick, L. A., Cox, D. J., Clifton, A. D., West, R. W., & Borowitz, S. M. (2003). Internet interventions: In review, in use, and into the future. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 34, 527-534.
Robinson, P. H., & Serfaty, M. A. (2001). The use of e-mail in the identification of bulimia nervosa and its treatment. European Eating Disorders Review, 9, 182-193.
Rosen, G. M., Glasgow, R. E., & Moore, T. E. (2003). Self-help therapy: The science and business of giving psychology away. In S. O. Lilienfeld & S. J. Lynn (Eds.), Science and pseudoscience in clinical psychology (pp.399-424). New York: Guilford Press.
Safren, S. A., Heimberg, R. G., Brown, E. J., & Holle, C. (1997). Quality of life in social phobia. Depression and Anxiety, 4, 126-133.
Schneier, F. L., Johnson, J., Hornig, C. D., Liebowitz, M. R., & Weissman, M. M. (1992). Social phobia: Cormorbidity and morbidity in an epidemiologic sample. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 282-288.
Scogin, F. R., Hanson, A., & Welsh, D. (2003). Self-administered treatment in stepped-care models of depression treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59, 341-349.
Strӧm, L., Pettersson, R., & Andersson, G. (2000). A controlled trial of self-help treatment of recurrent headache conducted via the Internet. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 722-727.
Strӧm, L., Pettersson, R., & Andersson, G. (2004). Internet-based treatment for insomnia: A controlled evaluation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 113-120.
Tate, D. F., Jackvony, E. H., & Wing, R. R. (2003). Effects of Internet behavioral counseling on weight loss in adults at risk for type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 289, 1833- 1836.
Tate, D. F., Wing, R. R., & Winett, R. A. (2001). Using Internet technology to deliver a behavioral weight loss program. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285, 1172-1177.
Winzelberg, A. J., Classen, C., Alpers, G. W., Roberts, H., Koopman, C., Adams, R. E., Ernst, H., Dev, P., & Taylor, C. B. (2003). Evaluation of an internet support group for women with primary breast cancer. Cancer, 97, 1164-1173.
Winzelberg, A., Eppstein, D., Eldredge, K. L., Wilfley, D., Dasmahapatra, R., Taylor, C. B., & Dev, P. (2000). Effectiveness of an Internet-based program for reducing risk factors for eating disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 346-350.
Zabinski, M. F., Wilfley, D. E., Pung, M. A., Winzelberg, A. J., Eldredge, K., & Taylor, C. B. (2001). An interactive internet-based intervention for women at risk of eating disorders: A pilot study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 30, 129-137.
Zetterqvist, K., Maanmies, J., Strӧm, L., & Andersson, G. (2003). Randomized controlled trial of Internet-based stress management. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 32, 151-160.