E-ISSN : 2733-4538
The purpose of this study is to review the current status of evidence-based treatments for traumatized children in Korea and other countries and to suggest guidelines for child trauma practice. Because exposure to trauma in childhood has been associated with a broad range of psychopathology, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), therapeutic approaches could focus on various therapeutic components according to target symptoms and types of trauma. First, foreign treatment effectiveness studies were reviewed and a brief summary of available evidence-based interventions for traumatized children was provided, along with contexts for their uses. Second, 12 studies on the effectiveness of interventions for traumatized children and adolescents, published in Korea from 1997 to 2017 were investigated. Finally, recommendations for child trauma practice and suggestions for future research are discussed in terms of evidence-based practice.
Ahmad, A., Larsson, B., & Sundelin-Wahlsten, V. (2007). EMDR treatment for children with PTSD: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 79, 441-446.
Ahn, H. (2005). An exploratory study on the effects of psychological trauma on posttraumatic stress symptoms and personality characteristics in adolescents. Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 17, 217-231.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Berkowitz, S. J., Stover, C. S., & Marans, S. R. (2011). The child and family traumatic stress intervention: Secondary prevention for youth at risk youth of developing PTSD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 52, 676-685.
Briere, J. (1996). A self-trauma model for treating adult survivors of severe child abuse. In J. Briere, L., Berliner, J. A. Bulkley, C. Jenny, & T. Rieds (Eds), The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment (pp. 140-157). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2016). Long-term consequences of child abuse and neglect. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau.
Choi, J. Y., & Oh, K. J. (2012). The effects of multiple interpersonal traumas on PTSD symptoms, behavior problems, sexual behaviors in sexually abused children. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31, 641-658.
Choi, J. Y., Shin, Y. J., & Oh, K. J. (2009). Effectiveness of traumafocused cognitive behavioral therapy for sexually abused children:an exploratory study. Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Korea, 9, 57-73.
Cicchetti, D., & Barnett, D. (1991). Attachment organization in maltreated preschoolers. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 397-411.
Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., Toth S. L., & Sturge-Apple, M. L. (2011). Normalizing the development of cortisol regulation in maltreated infants through preventive intervention. Developmental Psychopathology, 23, 789-800.
Cloitre, M., Miranda, R., Stovall-McClough, K. C., Han, H. (2005). Beyond PTSD: Emotion regulation and interpersonal problems as predictors of functional impairment in survivors of childhood abuse. Behavior Therapy, 36, 119-124.
Cohen, J. A., Berliner, L., & Mannarino, A. (2010). Trauma focused CBT for children with co-occurring trauma and behavior problems. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34, 215-224.
Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Deblinger, E. (2017). Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for traumatized children. In J. R. Weisz & A. E. Kazdin (Eds.). Evidence-based therapy for children and adolescens (3rd ed., pp. 253-271). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Iyengar, S. (2011). Community treatment of PTSD for children exposed to intimate partner violence:A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 165, 16-21.
Cook, A., Spinazzola, J., Ford, J., Lanktree, C., Blaustein, M., Cloitre, M., . . . van der Kolk, B. (2005). Complex trauma in children and adolescents. Psychiatric Annals, 35, 390-397.
Copeland, W. E., Keeler, G., Anglod, A., & Costello, E. J. (2007). Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in childhood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 577-584.
Daigneault, L., Tourigny, M., & Hébert, M. (2006). Self-attribution of blame in sexually abused adolescents: A mediational model. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19, 153-157.
de Roos, C., Greenwald, R., den Holoander-Gijsman, M., Noorthoorn, E., van Buuren, S., & de Jongh, A. (2011). A randomized comparison of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in disaster-exposed children. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 2, 1-11.
Deblinger, E., Mannarino, A. P., Cohen, J., Runyon, M., & Steer, R. (2011). Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy: Impact of the trauma narrative component and treatment length on outcome for children with a history of child sexual abuse. Depression & Anxiety, 28, 67-75.
Deblinger, E., Mannarino, A. P., Cohen, J., & Steer, R. (2006). A follow-up of a multisite, randomized, controlled trial for children with sexual abuse-related PTSD symptoms. Journal of American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 1474-1484.
Deblinger, E., Stauffer, L. B., & Steer, R. A. (2001). Comparative efficacies of supportive and cognitive behavioral therapies for young children who have been sexually abused and their non-offending mothers. Child Maltreatment, 6, 332-343.
Dorsey, S., McLaughlin, K. A., Kerns, S. E. U., Harrison, J. P., Lamnbert, H. K., Briggs, E. C., . . . Amaya-Jackson, L. (2017). Evidence base update for psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents exposed to traumatic events. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 46, 303-330.
Dorsey, S., Pullmann, M., Berliner, L., Koschmann, E. F., Mckay, M., & Deblinger, E. (2014). Engaging foster parents in treatment:A randomized trial of supplementing trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy with evidence-based engagement strategies. Child Abuse and Neglect, 38, 1508-1520.
Dozier, M., Lindhiem, O., & Ackerman, J. (2005). Attachment and biobehavioral catch-up; An intervention targeting empirically identified needs of foster infants. In L. Berlin, Y. Ziv. L. Amaya-Jackson, & M. T. Greenberg (Eds.) Enhancing early attachments:Theory, research, intervention, and policy (pp. 178-194). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Ehring, T., & Quack, E. (2010). Emotion regulation difficulties in trauma survivors: The role of trauma type and PTSD symptom severity. Behavior Therapy, 41, 587-598.
Ford, J. D., Blaustein, M. E., Habib, M., & Kagna, R. (2013). Developmental trauma Therapy Models. Treating complex traumatic stress disorders in children and adolescents: Scientific foundation and therapeutic model. 261-273.
Ford, J. D., Chang, R., Levine, J., & Zhang, W. (2013) Randomized clinical trial comparing affect regulation and supportive group therapies for victimization-related PTSD with incarcerated women. Behavior Therapy, 44, 262-276.
Ford, J. D., & Hawke, J. (2012). Trauma affect regulation psychoeducation group and milieu intervention outcomes in juvenile detention facilities. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 21, 356-384.
Garrett, A. S., Carrion, V., Kletter, H., Karchemskiy, A., Weems, C. F., & Reiss, A. (2012). Brain activation to facial expressions in youth with PTSD symptoms. Depression and Anxiety, 29, 445-459.
Ghosh, I. C., Harris, W. W., van Horn, P., & Liberman, A. F. (2011). Traumatic stressful events in early childhood: Can treatment help those at high risk? Child Abuse & Neglect, 35, 504-513.
Goldbeck, L., Muche, R., Sachser, C., Tutus, D., & Rosner, R. (2016). Effectiveness of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) for children and adolescents: A randomized controlled trial in eight German mental health clinics. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 85, 159-170.
Hahn, H., Oransky, M., Epstein, C., Stover, C. S., & Marans, S. (2016). Findings of early intervention to address children’s traumatic stress implemented in the child advocacy center setting following sexual abuse. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 9, 55-66.
Harvey, S. T., & Taylor, J. E. (2010). A meta-analysis of the effects of psychotherapy with sexually abused children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 1049-1050.
Health Insurance Review., & Assessment Service. (2017). Healthcare big data hub. Retrieved from http://www.hira.or.kr/main.do
Herman, J. L. (1992). Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 377-391.
Jaycox, L. H., Langley, A. K., Stein, B., Wong, M., Sharma, P., Scott, M., & Schonlau, M. (2009). Support for students exposed trauma:A pilot study. School Mental Health, 1, 49-60.
Jernberg, A. M., & Booth, P. B. (1999). Theraplay: Helping parents and children build relationships through attachment-based play. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Ju, M. S., & Song, Y. H. (2016). The effect of complex trauma child to mother-child attachment and emotion regulation using EMDR parent-child play therapy. Journal of Play Therapy, 20, 69-92.
Kagan, R., Henry, J., Richardson, M., Trinkle, J., & LaFrenier, A. (2014). Evaluation of real life heroes treatment for children with complex PTSD. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6, 588-596.
Kang, M. A., Kim, H. J., Lee, S. J., Jung, Y. S., & Jung, S. H. (20018). Application of cognitive behavior therapy for sexually abused children: Case illustrations. Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Korea, 8, 15-28.
Kataoka, S. H., Fuentes, S., O’Donoghue, V. P., Castillo-Campos, P., Bonilla, A., Halsey, K., . . . Wells, K. B. (2006). A community participatory research partnership: The development of a faith-based intervention for children exposed to violence. Ethnicity & Disease, 16, 89-97.
Kataoka, S. H., Stein, B. D., Jaycox, L. H., Wong, M., Escudero, P., Tu, W., . . . Fink, A. (2003). A school-based mental health program for traumatized Latino immigrant children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 311-318.
Keeshin, B. R., Strawn, J. R., Out, D., Granger, D. A., & Putnam, F. W. (2014). Cortisol awakening response in adolescents with acute sexual abuse related posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 31, 107-114.
Kim, H., & Kim, J. (2012). The efficacy of Gestalt art-therapy program for self-esteem of adolescents with domestic violence. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 19, 1-26.
Kim, S. H. (2011). Effects of play therapy program based object-relation theory for the abused children in a sheltered home in Korea. Journal of Play Therapy, 15, 77-92.
Kim, T. K., Kim, S. H., Choi, K. S., Choi, J. Y., Lim, J. Y., Eom, S. Y., & Shin, Y. J. (2006). Psychopathology of sexually abused children in Korea. Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 45, 165-175.
Kinniburgh, K. J., Blaustein, M., Spinazzola, J., & van der Kolk, B. A. (2005), Attachment, self-regulation, and competency. Psychiatric Annals, 35, 424-430.
Kolko, D. J. (1996). Individual cognitive behavioral treatment and family therapy for physically abused children and their offending parents: A comparison of clinical outcomes. Child Maltreatment, 1, 322-342.
Kwon, H. Y., & Kim, C. K. (2006). The effect of bibliotherapy program on self-concept and rejection of the victimized children in the elementary school. Journal of Play Therapy, 1, 117-136.
Lang, J. M., Ford, J. D., & Fizgerald, M. J. M. (2010). An algorithm for determining use of trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy. Psychotherapy; Theory, Research, Practice, 47, 554-569.
Lanktree, C. N., Briere, J., Godlbout, N., Hodges, M., Chen, K., Trimm, L., . . . Freed, W. (2012). Treating multitraumatized, socially marginalized children: Results of a naturalistic treatment outcome study. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 21, 813-828.
Lawson, D. M., & Quinn, J. (2013). Complex trauma in children and adolescents: Evidence-based practice in clinical settings. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69, 497-509.
Layne, C. M., Saltzman, W. R., Poppleton, L., Burlingame, G. M., Pasálć, A., Duraković, E., . . . Pynoos, R. S. (2008). Effectiveness of a school-based group psychotherapy program for war-exposed adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 1048-1062.
Lee, J. (2008). The effect of attachment improving for abused children through group theraplay. Korean Journal of Child Welfare, 6, 97-114.
Lee, J. S., & Han, Y. S. (2006). Effect of cognitive behavior therapy program in child with posttraumatic stress disorder. Korean Journal of Human Ecology, 9, 21-31.
Leenarts, L. E. W., Diehle, J., Doreleijers, T. A. H., Jamsma, E. P., & Lindauer, R. J. L. (2013). Evidence-based treatments for children with trauma-related psychopathology as a result of childhood maltreatment: A systemic review. European Child & Adolescent psychiatry, 22, 269-283.
Liberman, A. F., & Van Horn, P. (2005). Don’t hit my mommy: A manual for child-parent psychotherapy with young witness of family violence. Washington, DC: Zero to Three Press.
Liberman, A. F., Chu, A., Van Horn, P., & Harris, W. W. (2011). Trauma in early childhood: empirical evidence and clinical implications. Developmental Psychopathology, 23, 397-410.
Marans, S., & Berkman, M. (2010). The child and family traumatic stress intervention: introduction to a promising approach to preventing PTSD in children. Paper presented at Healing the Generations Conference on Trauma. Ledyard, CT.
McLaughlin, K. A., Koenen, K. C., Hill, E. D., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2013). Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in a national sample of adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 52, 815-830.
Moon, K. H. (2017). The case study of child with persistent complex bereavement disorder: Form the perspective of trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 8, 139-165.
Morina, N., Koerssen, R., & Pollet, T. V. (2016). Interventions for children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 47, 41-54.
Murray, L. K., Skavenski, S., Kane, J. C., Mayerya, J., Dorsey, S., Cohen, J. A., . . . Bolton, P. A. (2015). Effectiveness of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy among trauma-affected children in Lusaka, Zambia: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of American Medical Association Pediatrics, 169, 761-769.
Nathan, P. E., & Gorman, J. M. (2002). A guide to treatments that work (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
National Child Protection Agency. (2017). Child abuse & neglect Korea 2016. Sejong, Korea: Ministry of Health & Welfare.
Noh, P. R., & Son, C. N. (2014). Effects of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on self-esteem, interpersonal problem, and ego resilience of adolescent with childhood trauma. Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 19, 885-910.
Park, J., & Choi, J. (2016). The effect of the group program for improving self-esteem of children exposed to family violence on self-esteem, and the internalization and externalization problem. Korean Journal of the Human Development, 23, 91-112.
Runyon, M. K., Deblinger, E., & Steer, R. A. (2010). Group cognitive behavioral treatment for parents and children at-risk for physical abuse: An initial study. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 32, 196-218.
Runyon, M. K., Ryan, E., Kolar, R., & Deblinger, E. (2004). An overview of child physical abuse: Developing an integrated parentchild cognitive behavioral treatment approach. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 5, 65-85.
Salloum, A., & Overstreet, S. (2008). Evaluation of individual and group grief and trauma interventions for children post disaster. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 495-507.
Seo, Y. S., Cho, H. J., An, H. Y., & Lee, J. S. (2012). Traumatic events experienced by adolescents. Journal of Education Psychology, 26, 787-816.
Silverman, W. K., Ortizm, C. D., Viswesvaran, C., Burns, B., Kolko, D. J., Putnam, F. W., & Amaya-Jackson, L. (2008). Evidencebased psychosocial treatment for children and adolescents exposed to traumatic events. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37, 156-183.
Sohn, J. N., & Lee, Y. (2012). Effects of cognitive behavioral therapy program on mental health problems in children dealing with trauma: Focused on community district victimized by oil spill. Journal of Korean Academy Nursing, 42, 56-65.
Son, J. H., & Hong, J. Y. (2009). Development of group counseling program for adolescent victims of bullying and investigation of its effect. Korean Journal of Counseling, 10, 1013-1033.
Song, S. J., & Kang, Y. S. (2017). Development and effects of TFCBT based group therapy on adolescents with relationship loss. Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 29, 357-382.
Southam-Gerow, M. A., & Prinstein, M. J. (2014). Evidence base updates: The evolution of the evaluation of psychological treatments for children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child &Adolescent Psychology, 43, 1-6.
Stafford, B., Zeanah, C. H., & Scheeringa, M. (2003). Exploring psychopathology in early childhood: PTSD and attachment disorders in DC: 0-3 and DSM-IV. Infant Mental Health Journal, 24, 398-409.
Stover, C. S., & Keeshin, B. (2018). Research domain criteria and the study of trauma in children: Implications for assessment and treatment research. Clinical Psychology Review, 64, 77-86.
Strawn, J. R., & Geracioti, T. D. (2008). Noradrenergic dysfunction and the psychopharmacology of posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 25, 260-271.
Sung, Y. (2004). The formation of self-image for abused children in group homes through group theraplay. Journal of Korean Council for Children’s Rights, 8, 439-462.
Teicher, M. H., & Samson, J. A. (2013). Childhood maltreatment and psychopathology: A case for ecophenotypic variants as clinically and neurobiologically distinct subtypes. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 1114-1133.
Toth, S. L., Rogosch, F. A., Manly, J. T., & Cicchetti, D. (2006). The efficacy of toddler-parent psychotherapy to reorganize attachment in the young offspring of mothers with major depressive disorder: A randomized preventive trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 1006-1016.
Trickett, P. K., Noll, J. G., & Putnam, F. W. (2011). The impact of sexual abuse on female development: Lessons from a multigenerational, longitudinal research study. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 453-476.
van der Kolk, B. A. (2004). Psychobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder. In J. Panksepp (Ed.) Textbook of biological psychiatry. (pp. 319-344). New York, NY: Wiley-Liss.
Won, J., & Choi, M. (2005). The effects of game playtherapy on the sociality improvement of neglected children. Journal of Play Therapy, 9, 53-65.