E-ISSN : 2733-4538
The present study evaluated the psychometric characteristics and the factor structure of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II) among the general population in South Korea. The BDI-II was completed by a total of 1,022 adult participants from South Korea with an average age of 35.61 years. Of the 1,022 participants, 53.9% were females. The Korean version of the BDI-II demonstrated strong internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and had a strong correlation with other depression-related self-report measures. Using confirmatory factor analyses, a bifactor model identified a general factor and two specific factors consisting of somatic group factor and cognitive group factor provided the best fit to the data. These findings suggest that the BDI-II is a useful psychological instrument for assessing and understanding depressive symptoms in the Korean general population. Additionally, these findings provide support for a detailed evaluation of depression by numerous healthcare professionals who require a reliable and valid assessment to screen depression.
Al-Musawi, N. M. (2001). Psychometric properties of the Beck depression inventory-II with university students in Bahrain. Journal of Personality Assessment, 77, 568-579.
Arnau, R. C., Meagher, M. W., Norris, M. P., & Bramson, R. (2001). Psychometric evaluation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with primary care medical patients. Health Psychology, 20, 112-119.
Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1990). Manual for the Beck Anxiety Inventory. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). BDI-II: Beck Depression Inventory Manual (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
Brouwer, D., Meijer, R. R., & Zevalkink, J. (2013). On the factor structure of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: G is the key. Psychological Assessment, 25, 136-145.
Buckley, T. C., Parker, J. D., & Heggie, J. (2001). A psychometric evaluation of the BDI-II in treatment-seeking substance abusers. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 20, 197-204.
Bühler, J., Keller, F., & Läge, D. (2014). Activation as an overlooked factor in the BDI-II: A factor model based on core symptoms and qualitative aspects of depression. Psychological Assessment, 26, 970-979.
Cho, M. J. (2011). The Epidemiological survey of mental disorders in Korea. Seoul, Korea: Ministry of Health and Welfare.
Choi, H. S., Choi, J. H., Park, K. H., Joo, K. J., Ga, H., Ko, H. J., & Kim, S. R. (2007). Standardization of the Korean version of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 as a screening instrument for major depressive disorder. Journal of the Korean Academy and Family Medicine, 28, 114-119.
Dozois, D. J., Dobson, K. S., & Ahnberg, J. L. (1998). A psychometric evaluation of the Beck Depression Inventory–II. Psychological Assessment, 10, 83-89.
Ghassemzadeh, H., Mojtabai, R., Karamghadiri, N., & Ebrahimkhani, N. (2005). Psychometric properties of a Persian-language version of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition: BDIII-PERSIAN. Depression and Anxiety, 21, 185-192.
Hahn, D. W., Lee, C. H., & Chon, K. K. (1996). Korean adaptation of Spielberger's STAI (K-STAI). Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 1, 1-14.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
Kapci, E. G., Uslu, R., Turkcapar, H., & Karaoglan, A. (2008). Beck Depression Inventory II: Evaluation of the psychometric properties and cut-off points in a Turkish adult population. Depression and Anxiety, 25, E104-110.
Kessler, R. C., Adler, L., Ames, M., Demler, O., Faraone, S., Hiripi, E., . . . Walters, E. E. (2005). The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): A short screening scale for use in the general population. Psychological Medicine, 35, 245-256.
Kim, J. H., Lee, E. H., & Joung, Y. S. (2013). The WHO adult ADHD Self-Report Scale: Reliability and validity of the Korean version. Psychiatry Investigation, 10, 41-46.
Kojima, M., Furukawa, T. A., Takahashi, H., Kawai, M., Nagaya, T., & Tokudome, S. (2002). Cross-cultural validation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in Japan. Psychiatry Research, 110, 291-299.
Lee, S. H., Kim, B., Choi, T. K., & Lee, M. H. (2014). Long-standing depression and anxiety in a Korean woman. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 622-624.
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2010). Mplus 6.1. Statistical analysis with latent variables: User’s guide (Version 6.1). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
Osman, A., Barrios, F. X., Gutierrez, P. M., Williams, J. E., & Bailey, J. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in nonclinical adolescent samples. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64, 83-102.
Osman, A., Downs, W. R., Barrios, F. X., Kopper, B. A., Gutierrez, P. M., & Chiros, C. E. (1997). Factor structure and psychometric characteristics of the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 19, 359-376.
Plant, E. A., & Sachs-Ericsson, N. (2004). Racial and ethnic differences in depression: The roles of social support and meeting basic needs. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 41-52.
Reise, S. P., Scheines, R., Widaman, K. F., & Haviland, M. G. (2013). Multidimensionality and structural coefficient bias in structural equation modeling: A bifactor perspective. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 73, 5-26.
Rodriguez, A., Reise, S. P., & Haviland, M. G. (2016). Evaluating bifactor models: Calculating and interpreting statistical indices. Psychological Methods, 21, 137-150.
Shafer, A. B. (2006). Meta-analysis of the factor structures of four depression questionnaires: Beck, CES-D, Hamilton, and Zung. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 123-146.
Storch, E. A., Roberti, J. W., & Roth, D. A. (2004). Factor structure, concurrent validity, and internal consistency of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition in a sample of college students. Depression and Anxiety, 19, 187-189.
Subica, A. M., Fowler, J. C., Elhai, J. D., Frueh, B. C., Sharp, C., Kelly, E. L., & Allen, J. G. (2014). Factor structure and diagnostic validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with adult clinical inpatients:Comparison to a gold-standard diagnostic interview. Psychological Assessment, 26, 1106-1115.
Vanheule, S., Desmet, M., Groenvynck, H., Rosseel, Y., & Fontaine, J. (2008). The factor structure of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: An evaluation. Assessment, 15, 177-187.
Viljoen, J. L., Iverson, G. L., Griffiths, S., & Woodward, T. S. (2003). Factor Structure of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in a medical outpatient sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 10, 289-291.
Ward, L. C. (2006). Comparison of factor structure models for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Psychological Assessment, 18, 81-88.
Whisman, M. A., Perez, J. E., & Ramel, W. (2000). Factor structure of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II) in a student sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 545-551.
World Health Organization. (2001). The World Health Report 2001:Mental health: new understanding, new hope.