open access
메뉴
open access
메뉴
E-ISSN : 2733-4538
This study aimed to explore approach bias among individuals with the tendency of having a smartphone addiction. There were 183 male and female students who completed surveys that measured their level of addiction. The smartphone addiction and non-adddiction groups each comprised 27 participants. The approach-avoidance task (AAT) was administered to measure the avoidance and approach reaction time. The smartphone addiction group showed a higher tendency of having an approach bias towards smartphone-related stimulus than the non-addiction group, while no difference was found in the group of neutral stimulus. In addiction, the level of smartphone cravings and addiction predicted the level of approach bias towards smartphone-relevant stimulus. This study suggests the prevalence of approach bias in the smartphone addiction group through the AAT. Clinical implications, limitations of the study, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Addolorato, G., Leggio, L., Abenavoli, L., & Gasbarrini, G. (2005). Neurobiochemical and clinical aspects of craving in alcohol addiction:A review. Addictive Behaviors, 30, 1209-1224.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Barkby, H., Dickson, J. M., Roper, L., & Field, M. (2012). To approach or avoid alcohol? Automatic and self‐reported motivational tendencies in alcohol dependence. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 36, 361-368.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical consideration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
Boffo, M., Smits, R., Salmon, J. P., Cowie, M. E., de Jong, D. T., Salemink, E., . . . & Wiers, R. W. (2018). Luck, come here! Automatic approach tendencies toward gambling cues in moderate to high risk gamblers. Addiction, 113, 289-298.
Cho, Y. C. (2016). Attentional bias toward smartphone-relevant stimuli in smartphone addictive tendency: Using comparison blindness task (master’s thesis). KyungPook National University, Daegu, Korea.
Choi, H. J., & Chung, K. M. (2016). Effects of feedback intervention on decrease of smartphone usage of smartphone addiction risk group of college students. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35, 365-391.
Cousijn, J., Goudriaan, A. E., & Wiers, R. W. (2011). Reaching out towards cannabis: Approach-bias in heavy cannabis users predicts changes in cannabis use. Addiction, 106, 1667-1674.
Eberl, C., Wiers, R. W., Pawelczack, S., Rinck, M., Becker, E. S., &Lindenmeyer, J. (2013). Approach bias modification in alcohol dependence: Do clinical effects replicate and for whom does it work best? Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 4, 38-51.
Eder, A. B., Rothermund, K. (2008). When do motor behaviors (mis)match affective stimuli? an evaluative coding view of approach and avoidance reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology:General, 137, 262-281.
Fadardi, J. S., & Cox, W. M. (2006). Alcohol attentional bias: Drinking salience or cognitive impairment? Psychopharmacology, 185, 169-178.
Field, M., Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2004). Cognitive bias and drug craving in recreational cannabis users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 74, 105-111.
Field, M., Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2005). Craving and cognitive biases for alcohol cues in social drinkers. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 40, 504-510.
Field, M., Caren, R., Fernie, G., & De Houwer, J. (2011). Alcohol approach tendencies in heavy drinkers: Comparison of effects in a relevant stimulus-response compatibility task and an approach/avoidance Simon task. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25, 697-715.
Field, M., Kiernan, A., Eastwood, B., & Child, R. (2008). Rapid approach responses to alcohol cues in heavy drinkers. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 39, 209-218.
Fleming, K. A., & Bartholow, B. D. (2014). Alcohol cues, approach bias, and inhibitory control: Applying a dual process model of addiction to alcohol sensitivity. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 28, 85-96.
Han, C. W., Choi, Y. S., Kim, Y. H., & Lee, K. S. (2018). Craving: Biological understanding and therapeutic approach. Korean Academy of Addiction Psychiatry, 22, 59-63.
Heo, H. J., Park, H. G., Chang, M. S., & Kwak, H. W. (2017). Attentional bias toward relevant stimuli in tendencies of smartphone addiction: A Focus on the Emotional Stroop Task and the Dot-Probe Task. Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 22, 137-153.
Jeon, H. S., & Jang, S. O. (2014). A study on the influence of depression and stress on smartphone addiction among university students: Focused on moderating effect of gender. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 21, 103-129.
Jones, B. T., Jones, B. C., Smith, H., & Copley, N. (2003). A flicker paradigm for inducing change blindness reveals alcohol and cannabis information processing biases in social users. Addiction, 98, 235-244.
Kavanagh, D. J., Andrade, J., & May, J. (2005). Imaginary relish and exquisite torture: the elaborated intrusion theory of desire. Psychological Review, 112, 446-487.
Kang, E. G., Kim, Y. H., Gim, G. Y. (2012). A study on the effects of motivations and ability of using smartphone on smartpad usage intention. Korea Society of IT Services, 11, 1-23.
Kim, J. H. (2009). The effects of smoking urges and withdrawal symptoms on maintenance of smoking cessation: The moderating effects of coping and perceived smoking cessation effect (master’s thesis). Catholic University, Bucheon, Korea.
Kim, I. K., Park, S. W., Choi, H. M. (2017). The relationship among smartphone addiction, communication ability, loneliness and interpersonal relationship for university students. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, 18, 637-648.
Lee, K. J. (2016). The correlation of self-esteem, impulsivity, smartphone use craving and smartphone addiction of specialized high school students (Unpublished master’s thesis). Jeonju University, Jeonju, Korea.
Lee, S. J., & Rhee, M. K. (2016). Effect of personalities and use motivations of smartphone users on smartphone addiction. Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 21, 357-372.
Mogg, K., Field, M., & Bradley, B. P. (2005). Attentional and approach biases for smoking cues in smokers: An investigation of competing theoretical views of addiction. Psychopharmacology, 180, 333-341.
National Information Society Agency. (2011). Development of scale for smartphone addiction. Seoul, Korea: National Information Society Agency.
National Information Society Agency. (2018). 2018 result of internet addiction research. Seoul, Korea: National Information Society Agency.
Niu, G. F., Sun, X. J., Subrahmanyam, K., Kong, F. C., Tian, Y., &Zhou, Z. K. (2016). Cue-induced craving for Internet among Internet addicts. Addictive Behaviors, 62, 1-5.
Samaha, M., & Hawi, N. S. (2018). Relationships among smartphone addiction, stress, academic performance, and satisfaction with life. Computers in Human Behavior, 57, 321-325.
Seo, I. K., & Lee, Y. S. (2016). Effects of adolescents’ motivation for use of smart phone on their addiction to smart phone: Control effect of social support. The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Psychology, 23, 857-875.
Stacy, A. W., & Wiers, R. W. (2010). Implicit cognition and addiction:A tool for explaining paradoxical behavior. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 551-575.
Tibboela, H., Houwer, J. D., & Bockstaele, B. V. (2015). Implicit measures of “wanting” and “liking” in humans. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 57, 350-364.
Tiffany, S. T., & Drobes, D. J. (1991). The development and initial validation of a questionnaire on smoking urges. British Journal of Addiction, 86, 1467-1476.
Wiers, R. W., Bartholow, B. D., van den Wildenberg, E., Thush, C., Engels, R. C., Sher, K. J., . . . Stacy, A. W. (2007). Automatic and controlled processes and the development of addictive behaviors in adolescents: A review and a model. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 86, 263-283.
Wiers, R. W., Rink, M., Kordfs, R., Houben, K., & Strack, F. (2010). Retraining automatic action tendencies to approach alcohol in hazardous drinkers. Addiction, 105, 279-287.
Wiers, C. E., Ludwig, V. U., Gladwin, T. E., Park, S. Q., Heinz, A., Wiers, R. W., . . . Bermpohl, F. (2015). Effects of cognitive bias modification training on neural signatures of alcohol approach tendencies in male alcohol‐dependent patients. Addiction Biology, 20, 990-999.