Abstract

The advancement of digital technology and proliferation of AI-based recommendation systems have intensified users' engagement with digital platforms, exacerbating the issue of digital over-dependence. This study aimed to develop and validate a self-diagnostic scale that systematically assesses the psychological and behavioral characteristics of digital over-dependence. To achieve this, we identified four key factors: compulsive use, sensory desensitization, reward dependence, and stimulus seeking, and developed a 12-item measurement tool. Exploratory factor analysis confirmed a four-factor structure, with each factor demonstrating internal reliability and validity. Confirmatory factor analysis further indicated a strong model fit, and predictive validity was established through significant correlations with existing smartphone over-dependence scales and related psychological and behavioral variables. The scale developed in this study reflects the multidimensional nature of digital over-dependence and can be used to assess and improve individuals' digital usage habits. Moreover, it serves as a foundational resource for exploring the ethical implications of AI-based recommendation systems and digital platform designs. Future research should incorporate diverse demographic factors and behavioral data for further validation and development of preventive intervention strategies.