Relationship between Anger Level and Anger-Expression Mode: Age group comparison
Abstract
Generally, anger expression mode is thought to develop as people grow older. This study examined whether anger expression mode is associated with age and trait anger level. The results were then compared to identify the differences between age groups. 453 students from Elementary School(ES), Middle School(MS), High School(HS) and University(U))were surveyed using the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. Frequency analyses and MANOVA were used to compare the groups. There were no significant differences of anger expression mode between age groups in high level-anger group and low level-anger group. But in moderate-anger group, it was found that there were more frequencies of anger-control. Also, it was found as the age of groups get older the more frequencies of anger-control appeared. In US, high level-anger group frequencies of anger-control were higher than anger-out and the same as anger-in. The results suggest that the age and trait anger level were related to anger expression mode. It also implies that as the ages increases most people get to use anger-control generally. However, if the anger level is too high or low then this general tendency might not be accompanied by its development. The implications and limitations of this study are discussed, along with directions for future research.
- keywords
- 특성분노, 분노표현 양식, 분노통제, 분노표출, Trait anger, Anger expression, Anger-control, Anger-out
Reference
고영인 (1994). 대학생의 분노표현양식과 우울 및 공격성과의 관계. 박사학위 청구논문 부산대학교 교육대학원.
김경희 (1996). 한국청년의 정서에 관한 심리학적 연구. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 9, 1-14.
김경희 (1997). 한국아동의 정서에 대한 심리학적 연구. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 10, 43-56.
김광수 (2003). 청소년의 분노수준, 분노대처방식과 학교생활적응. 교육심리연구, 17. 393-410.
김교헌 (2000). 분노 억제와 고혈압. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 5, 181-192.
김교헌, 전겸구 (1997). 분노, 적대감 및 스트레스가 신체 건강에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 2, 79-95.
김용섭. (1984). 분노에 대한 연구. 고신대학.논문집. 12, 71-90.
민성길. (2003). 분노에 대한 생행동적 연구. 간호학탐구. 12, 72-104.
서수균, 이훈진, 권석만 (2004). 분노표출, 억제태도 척도개발. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 23, 521-540.
안근석 (1991). 심리학개론. 서울: 형설출판사.
이지연, 김정미 (1998). 대인관계 맥락 내에서 분노에 대한 탐색적 연구. 수원여자대학논문집, 24, 297-314.
이훈진 (2000). 분노표현양식과 편집증 및 우울의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 19, 427-438.
전겸구 (1996). 한국판 STAXI 척도 개발연구(II). 재활심리연구 3, 53-69.
전겸구 (1999). 분노에 관한 기초 연구. 재활심리연구, 6, 73-190.
전겸구, 김용주 (2004). 분노, 결혼, 결혼만족 및 관상동맥 질환. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 9.
전겸구, 한덕웅, 이장호, Spielberger (1997). 한국판 STAXI 척도 개발: 분노와 혈압. 한국건강심리학회지, 2, 60-78.
정인석 (1988). 신청소년심리학. 서울: 대왕사.
Allan, S. & Gilbert, P. (2002). Anger and anger expression in relation to perceptions of social rank, entrapment and depressive symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences. 32, 551-565.
Alschuler, C. F., & Alschuler, A. S (1984). Developing healthy response to anger: the counselor's role. Journal Of Counseling and Development. 63, 26-29.
Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002). Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology. 53, 27-51.
Bitton, A., McGarvey, S. T., & Viali, S. (2006), Anger expression and lifestyle incongruity interactions on blood pressure in Samoan adults. American Journal of Human Biology. 18, 369-376.
Averill, J. R. (1983). Studies on anger and aggression: Implications for theories of emotion. American Psychologist. 1145-1160.
Baumeister, R. F., & Exline, J. J. (2000). Self-control, morality, and human strength. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 19, 29-42.
Berkowitz, R, F. (1990). On the formation and regulation of anger and aggression. American Psycologist. 45, 494-503.
Bonanno, G. A., Lalande, K., Westphal, M., & Coifman, K. (2004). The importance of being flexible; the ability to both enhance and suppress emotional expression predicts long-term adjustment. Psychological Science. 15, 482-487.
Erwin, B. A., Heimberg, R. G., Schneier, F. R., & Liebowitz, M. R. (2003). Anger Experience and Expression in Social Anxiety Disorder; Pretreatment Profile and Predictors of Attrition and Response to Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment. Behavior Therapy, 34, 331-350.
Burns, J. W., Evon, D, & Strain-Saloum, C. (1999). Repressed anger and patterns of cardiovascular, self-report and behavioral responses; effects of harassment. Journal of psychosomatic research, 47, 569-581.
Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 452-459.
Deffenbacher, J. L., Demm, P. M., & Brandon, A. D. (1986). High general anger: Correlates and treatment. Behavior Reasarch and Therapy, 24, 481-489.
Deffenbacher, J. L.(1999). Cognitive-behavioral conceptualization and treatment of anger. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55, 295-309.
Deffenbacher, J. L., Dahlen, E. R., Lynch, R. S., Morris, C. D., & Gowensmith, W. N. (2000). An application of Beck's cognitive therapy to general anger reduction. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 24, 689-697.
Digiuesppe, R. (1999). Reflection on the treatment of anger. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 55, 311-324.
Hurlock, E. B. (1975), Developmental psychology. 4th ed. New York: McGraw Hill.
Elleson, A. (1982), Human Relations, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Perntice Hall Inc.
Gesell, A., Ilg, G.L., & Ames, L. B. (1956). Youth: The year from ten to sixteen.. N. Y.: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc.
Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaption. New York: Oxford University Press.
Musante, L, & Treiber, F. A. (2000). The Relationship Between Anger-Coping Styles and Lifestyle Behaviors in Teenagers. Journal of Adolescent Health, 27, 63-38.
Sinaceur, M. & Tiedens, L. Z. (2006). Get mad and get more than even: When and why anger expression is effective in negotiations. Journal ofExperimental Social Psychology, 42, 314-322.
Novaco, R. W. (1976), The Functions and Regulation of the Arousal of Anger, A. J. Psychiatry, 133, 1124.
Novaco, R. W. (1994). Clinical problems of anger and its assessment and regulation through a stress coping skills approach. In W. O'Donohue & L.
Fassino, S., Daga, G. A., Piero, A., Leombruni, P., & Rovera G. (2001). Anger and personality in eating disorders. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 51, 757-764.
Spielberger C. D., Johnson E. H., Russell, S. F, Crane, R. J., Jacobs, G. A., & Worden, T. J. (1985). The experience and expression of anger.: construction and validation of anger expression scale. In: Chesney MA & Rosenmn RH (eds), Anger and Hostility in Cardiovascular and behavioral Disorders. Washington DC: Hemisphere, 5-30.
Spielberger, C. D., Kranser, S. S., & Solomon, E. P. (1988). The experience, expression and control of anger. In M. P. Janisse (Eds.), Individual differences, stress and health psychology, Washington DC: Hemisphere, 203-222.
Spilberger, C. D., Jacobs, G. A., Russell, S., & Crane, R. S. (1983). Assessment of anger: The State-Trait Anger Scale. Advances in Personality Assessment, 3, N. J.: LEA, 119-187.
Stoner, S. B., & Spencer, W. B. (1987). Age and gender differences with the anger expression scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 47, 487-492.
- Downloaded
- Viewed
- 0KCI Citations
- 0WOS Citations