본 연구에서는 자기자비와 사회불안의 관계를 살펴보고 자기자비 심상 처치가 사회불안에 미치는 치료 효과를 탐색하였다. 연구 1에서는 대학생 및 대학원생 236명을 대상으로 설문연구를 실시하여 자기자비가 사회불안과 어떠한 관련을 맺고 있는지 확인하였다. 그 결과, 자기자비가 사회불안과 유의한 부적 상관이 있었으며, 자기자비와 사회불안의 관계를 사회불안수용이 매개하였다. 연구 2에서는 사회불안 수준이 높은 대학생 및 대학원생 32명을 자기자비 조건 또는 인지재구성 조건에 무선 할당하여 해당 처치를 일주일 동안 연습하게 하였다. 처치 후, 인지재구성 집단은 두 종류의 사회불안(관찰되거나 수행하는 상황에 대한 사회불안과 상호작용 상황에 대한 사회불안) 중 관찰되거나 수행하는 상황에 대한 사회불안이 유의하게 감소하였으나 자기자비 집단은 두 종류의 사회불안 모두 감소 경향성만을 보였다. 두 집단을 통합하여 사전-사후 변화량의 관계를 살펴본 결과, 자기자비의 변화량과 사회불안수용의 변화량이 사회불안의 변화량과 유의한 부적 상관을 나타냈다. 이를 바탕으로 본 연구의 의의와 한계점, 추후 연구를 위한 제언을 논의하였다.
The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of being self-compassionate on social anxiety. For this, we investigated whether self-compassion would have a negative correlation with social anxiety, and whether the efficacy of self-compassionate imagery treatment was efficacious in reducing one’s social anxiety levels. In study 1, self-reported data were collected from 236 undergraduates and graduates and used to examine the relationship between self-compassion and social anxiety. Correlation analysis demonstrated that a higher self-compassion score was related to a lower social anxiety score. The results of the mediation analysis also showed that self-compassion could have an impact on social anxiety by facilitating social anxiety acceptance. Study 2 was designed to investigate the effect of self-compassionate imagery treatment on relieving social anxiety relative to one that focuses on cognitive-restructuring. Thirty-two undergraduates and graduates with social anxiety were randomly assigned to one of two conditions(self-compassion or cognitive-restructuring) and practiced each treatment for a week. As a result, the self-compassion group showed a reduction in social anxiety, albeit a non-significant one. On the other hand, the cognitive-restructuring group demonstrated a significant reduction in anxiety about being observed and performing in front of others. After these two groups were combined and the relationship between change in self-compassion and change in social anxiety was analyzed, these two values were negatively related. Thus, the present study empirically investigated the effect of self-compassion on social anxiety and whether a brief self-compassion intervention was efficacious in improving self-compassion and relieving the symptoms of social anxiety. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study and suggestions for future studies were discussed.
김경의, 이금단, 조용래, 채숙희, 이우경 (2008). 한국판 자기-자비척도의 타당화 연구: 대학생을 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 13(4), 1023-1044.
김기환 (2015). 수용이 사회불안 감소에 미치는 효과: 수용 기반 노출치료 프로그램의 개발 및 효과검증. 서울대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
김기환, 권석만 (2013). 한국판 사회불안수용 행동 질문지의 타당화 연구. 인지행동치료, 13(3), 489-510.
김소연 (2015). 내면화된 수치심과 부정적 평가에 대한 두려움의 관계에서 자기자비의 매개효과 검증: 대학생을 대상으로. 이화여자대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
김완석, 이성준, 유연재 (2013). 자기연민과 심리적 안녕감 간의 관계에서 수용의 매개효과 검증. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 18(1), 219-238.
김향숙 (2001). 사회공포증 하위유형의 기억편향. 서울대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
박세란 (2015). 자기자비가 자기조절과정에 미치는 영향: 자기자비 증진 프로그램의 개발 및 효과 검증. 서울대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
심우엽 (2014). 초등학생의 사회불안과 행복감의 관계에서 자기자비의 매개효과. 한국초등교육학회, 27(1), 83-102.
심은수 (2013). 자기초점주의와 사회불안의 관계에서 자기자비의 조절효과. 충북대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
이수연 (2015). 외상경험과 사후반추사고가 사회불안에 미치는 영향: 자기자비의 매개효과. 서울여자대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
전겸구, 최상진, 양병창 (2001). 통합적 한국판 CESD 개발. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 6(1), 59-76.
최병휘 (2007). 사회공포증의 인지행동집단치료. 서울: 시그마프레스.
Arch, J. J., Brown, K. W., Dean, D. J., Landy, L. N., Brown, K. D., & Laudenslager, M. L. (2014). Self-compassion training modulates alpha-amylase, heart rate variability, and subjective responses to social evaluative threat in women. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 42, 49-58.
Arch, J. J., & Craske, M. G. (2008). Acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders: Different treatments, similar mechanisms?. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 15(4), 263-279.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
Boersma, K., Håkanson, A., Salomonsson, E., & Johansson, I. (2014). Compassion focused therapy to counteract shame, self-criticism and isolation. A replicated single case experimental study for individuals with social anxiety. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 45(2), 89-98.
Costa, J., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2011). Acceptance of pain, self-compassion and psychopathology: Using the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire to identify patients' subgroups. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 18(4), 292-302.
Cox, B. J., Fleet, C., & Stein, M. B. (2004). Self-criticism and social phobia in the US national comorbidity survey. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82(2), 227-234.
Cox, B. J., Rector, N. A., Bagby, R. M., Swinson, R. P., Levitt, A. J., & Joffe, R. T. (2000). Is self-criticism unique for depression? A comparison with social phobia. Journal of Affective Disorders, 57(1), 223-228.
Cox, B. J., Walker, J. R., Enns, M. W., & Karpinski, D. C. (2002). Self-criticism in generalized social phobia and response to cognitive-behavioral treatment. Behavior Therapy, 33(4), 479-491.
Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R. K., Cooper, M. L., & Bouvrette, A. (2003). Contingencies of self-worth in college students: Theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(5), 894-908.
Diedrich, A., Grant, M., Hofmann, S. G., Hiller, W., & Berking, M. (2014). Self-compassion as an emotion regulation strategy in major depressive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 58, 43-51.
Gilbert, P. (2010). 자비중심치료 [Compassion focused therapy]. (조현주, 박성현 역). 서울: 학지사.
Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Matos, M., & Rivis, A. (2011). Fears of compassion: Development of three self-report measures. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84(3), 239-255.
Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self‐criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice, 13(6), 353-379.
Hayes, S. C. (2008). The roots of compassion. Chicago: Keynote address presented at the fourth Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Summer Institute.
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York: Guilford Press.
Heimberg, R. G., & Becker, R. E. (2002). 사회공포증의 인지행동집단 치료: 이론과 실제 [Cognitive-behavioral group therapy for social phobia: Basic mechanisms and clinical strategies]. (최병휘 역). 서울: 시그마프레스.
Heimberg, R. G., Mueller, G. P., Holt, C. S., Hope, D. A., & Liebowitz, M. R. (1993). Assessment of anxiety in social interaction and being observed by others: The Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and the Social Phobia Scale. Behavior Therapy, 23(1), 53-73.
Hofmann, S. G., & Bὅgels, S. M. (2006). Recent advances in the treatment of social phobia: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy. Special Issue: Recent advances in the treatment of social phobia, 20, 3-5.
Iancu, I., Bodner, E., & Ben-Zion, I. Z. (2015). Self-esteem, dependency, self-efficacy and self-criticism in social anxiety disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 58, 165-171.
Kernis, M. H. (2003). Optimal self-esteem and authenticity: Separating fantasy from reality. Psychological Inquiry, 14(1), 83-89.
Kuyken, W., Watkins, E., Holden, E., White, K., Taylor, R. S., Byford, S., Evans, A., Radford, S., Teasdale, J. K., & Dalgleish, T. (2010). How does mindfulness-based cognitive therapy work? Behavior Research and Therapy, 48, 1105-1112.
Liebowitz, M. R., Heimberg, R. G., Schneier, F. R., Hope, D. A., Davies, S., Holt, C. S., Goetz, D., Juster, H. R., Lin, S. H., Bruch, M. A., Marshall, R. D., & Klein, D. F. (1999). Cognitive-behavioral group therapy versus phenelzine in social phobia: Long term outcome. Depression and Anxiety, 10, 89-98.
MacBeth, A., & Gumley A. (2012). Exploring compassion: A meta-analysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(6), 545-552.
MacKenzie, M. B., & Kocovski, N. L. (2010). Self-reported acceptance of social anxiety symptoms: Development and validation of the Social Anxiety-Acceptance and Action Questionnaire. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 6(3), 214.
MacKinnon, D. P., & Dwyer, J. H. (1993). Estimating mediated effects in prevention studies. Evaluation Review, 17(2), 144-158.
Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety1. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(4), 455-470.
McEvoy, P. M. (2007). Effectivness of cognitive behavioral group therapy for social phobia in a community clinic: A benchmarking study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 3030-3040.
Neff, K. D. (2003a). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85-102.
Neff, K. D. (2003b). The Development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223-250.
Neff, K. D., & Germer, C. K. (2013). A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self‐compassion program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(1), 28-44.
Neff, K. D., Kirkpatrick, K. L., & Rude, S. S. (2007). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(1), 139-154.
Neff, K., & Tirch, D. (2013). Self-compassion and ACT. Mindfulness, acceptance, and positive psychology: The seven foundations of well-being, 78-106.
Neff, K. D., & Vonk, R. (2009). Self-compassion versus global self-esteem: Two different ways of relating to oneself. Journal of Personality, 77(1), 23-50.
Otto, M. W., Pollack, M. H., Gould, R. A., Worthington, J. J. Ⅲ., McArdle, E. T., Rosenbaum, J. F. (2000). A comparison of the efficacy of clonazepam and cognitive- behavioral group therapy for the treatment of social phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14, 345-358.
Panayiotou, G., Karekla, M., & Panayiotou, M. (2014). Direct and indirect predictors of social anxiety: The role of anxiety sensitivity, behavioral inhibition, experiential avoidance and self-consciousness. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55(8), 1875-1882.
Potter, R., Yar, K., Francis, A. J., & Schuster, S. (2014). Self-compassion mediates the relationship between parentalcriticism and social anxiety. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 14(1), 33-43.
Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, G., Solomon, S., Arndt, J., & Schimel, J. (2004). Why do people need self-esteem? A theoretical and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 130(3), 435-468.
Raes, F. (2010). Rumination and worry as mediators of the relationship between self-compassion and depression and anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(6), 757-761.
Rapee, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(8), 741-756.
Rockliff, H., Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Lightman, S., & Glover, D. (2008). A pilot exploration of heart rate variability and salivary cortisol responses to compassion-focused imagery. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 5(3), 132-139.
Schoenefeld, S. J., & Webb, J. B. (2013). Self-compassion and intuitive eating in college women: Examining the contributions of distress tolerance and body image acceptance and action. Eating Behaviors, 14(4), 493-496.
Schanche, E., Stiles, T. C., McCullough, L., Svartberg, M., & Nielsen, G. H. (2011). The relationship between activating affects, inhibitory affects, and self-compassion in patients with Cluster C personality disorders. Psychotherapy, 48(3), 293.
Sedikides, C., & Gregg, A. P. (2008). Self- enhancement: Food for thought. Perspective on Psychological Science, 3(2), 102-116.
Shapiro, S. L., Astin, J. A., Bishop, S. R., & Cordova, M. (2005). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for health care professionals: Results from a randomized trial. International Journal of Stress Management, 12(2), 164-176.
Tesser, A. (2000). On the confluence of self-esteem maintenance mechanisms. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(4), 290-299.
Werner, K. H., Jazaieri, H., Goldin, P. R., Ziv, M., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2012). Self-compassion and social anxiety disorder. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 25(5), 543-558.
