open access
메뉴
open access
메뉴
E-ISSN : 2733-4538
The purpose of this study was to identify a depressive-delinquent comorbid group in early adolescence and to explore the effect of temperament and gender for this group. A total of 1,636 middle school students participated in the study. A latent profile analysis(LPA) was executed resulting in five latent classes: “normal”, “moderate depression”, “severe depression”, “moderate delinquency”, and “comorbid”. Through a multinomial logistic regression analysis, the “comorbid” class was significantly explained by high Novelty Seeking(NS) and high Harm Avoidance(HA). Gender did not significantly explain the “comorbid” class, perhaps due to the ages of the subjects as well as various cultural differences. Overall, the results of this study suggest that many delinquent adolescents actually experience meaningful emotional problems such as depression. Further, their high novelty seeking and high harm avoidance tendencies predispose them to greater psychological maladjustments by arousing everyday conflicts and ambivalences. The limitations of this study have been discussed along with suggestions for further research.
김준호 (1990). 청소년 비행의 원인에 관한 연구. 한국 형사정책 연구원.
김정원 (1992). 청소년기 우울과 비행간의 관계 - 인지적 몰락을 매개변인으로. 연세대학교 심리학과 석사학위 청구논문.
김희화 (2001). 청소년의 초기 비행과 지속적 비행에 대한 영향 요인. 청소년학 연구, 8(1), 143-162.
민병배, 오현숙, 이주영 (2007). 기질 및 성격검사 매뉴얼. 서울: (주)마음사랑.
신현숙, 이경성, 이해경, 신경수 (2004). 비행 청소년의 생활적응문제에서 우울/불안 및 공격성의 합병 효과와 성차. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 16(3), 491-510.
오경자 (2005). 아동 청소년 행동평가척도-자기보고용. 미간행 출판물.
이주영 (1999). 우울한 비행 청소년 집단의 사회정보처리 특성 - 비행 집단과 우울 집단과의 비교. 연세대학교 심리학과 석사학위 청구논문.
임진현 (2005). 우울-품행장애성향 청소년의 기질과 자기개념 및 정서 특성. 서울대학교 심리학과 석사학위 청구논문.
Achenbach, T. M., & Resocorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school-age Forms & Profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families
Angold, A., Costello, E., & Erkanli, A. (1999). Comorbidity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 57-87.
Beyers, J. M., & Loeber, R. (2003). Untangling developmental relations between depressed mood and delinquency in male adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 247-266.
Capaldi, D. M. (1991). The co-occurrence of conduct problems and depressive symptoms in early adolescent boys: I. Familial factors and general adjustment at Grade 6. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 277-300.
Cloninger, C. R. (1987). A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants: A proposal. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 573-587.
Cloninger, C. R. (2004). Feeling good: The science of well-being. NY: Oxford University Press.
Cloninger, C. R., Przybeck, T. R., Svrakic, D. M., & Wetzel, R. D. (1994). The Temperament and Character Inventory(TCI): A guide to its development and use. St. Louis, Missouri.
Cohen, P., Cohen, J., Kasen, S., Velez, C. N., Hartmark, C., Johnson, J., Rojas, M., Brook, J., & Streuning, E. L. (1993). An epidemiological study of disorders in late childhood and adolescents: I. Age and gender-specific prevalences. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 851-867.
Cole, D. A., & Carpentieri, S. (1990). Social status and the comorbidity of child depression and conduct disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 748-757.
Garrison, C. Z., Addy, C. L., Jackson, K. L., McKeown, R. E., & Waller, J. L. (1991). The CES-D as a screen for depression and other psychiatric disorders in adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 636-641.
Goth, K. (2000). Konstruktvalidierung des Junior Temperament and Charakter Inventars. Unveroeff. Diplomarbeit, Frankfurt.
Ingoldsby, E. M., Kohl, G. O., McMahon, R. J., & Lengua, L. (2006). Conduct problems, depressive symptomatology and their co-occurring presentation in childhood as predictors of adjustment in early adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 603-621.
Keiley, M., Lofthouse, N., Bates, J. E., Dodge, K. A., & Pettit, G. S. (2003). Differential risks of covarying and pure components in mother and teacher reports of externalizing and internalizing behavior across ages 5 to 14. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31(3), 267-283.
Lewinsohn, P. M., Hops, H., Roberts, R. E., Seeley, J. R., & Andrews, J. A. (1993). Adolescent psychopathology: I. Prevalence and incidence of depression and other DSM-III-R disorders in high school students. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 133-144.
Little, S. A., & Garber, J. (2005). The role of social stressors and interpersonal orientation in explaining the longitudinal relation between externalizing and depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(3), 432-443.
Lo, Y., Mendell, N. R., & Rubin, D. B. (2001). Testing the number of components in a normal mixture. Biometrika, 88, 767-778.
Loeber, R., & Keenan, K. (1994). Interaction between conduct disorder and its comorbid conditions: Effects of age and gender. Clinical Psychology Review, 14(6), 497-523.
Luby, J. L., Svrakic, D. M., McCallum, K., Przybeck, T. R., & Cloninger, C. R. (1999) The Junior Temperament and Character Inventory: Preliminary validation of a child self-report measure. Psychological Report, 84, 1127-1138.
Marmostein, N. R., & Iacono, W. G. (2001). An investigation of female adolescent twins with both major depression and conduct disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 299-306.
Muthen, B. O. (2004). Latent variable analysis: Growth mixture modeling and related techniques for longitudinal data. In D. Kaplan (Ed.), The Sage handbook of quantitative methodology for the social sciences (pp.345-368). New York: Sage.
Muthen, B. O. (2002). Beyond SEM: General latent variable modeling. Behaviormetrika, 29, 81-117.
Muthen, L. K., & Muthen, B. O. (1998-2007). Mplus User's Guide. Fifth Edition. Los Angeles, CA: Muthen & Muthen.
Muthen, L. K., & Muthen, B. O. (2000). Integrating person-centered and variable- centered analyses: Growth mixture modeling with latent trajectory classes. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 24, 882-891.
Nottelmann, E. D., & Jensen, P. S. (1995). Comorbidity of disorders in children and adolescents: Developmental perspectives. Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, 17, 109-155.
Nylund, K. L., Asparouhov, T., & Muthen, B. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 535-569.
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401.
Renouf, A. G., Kovacs, M., & Mukerji, P. (1997). Relationship of depressive, conduct, and comorbid disorders and social functioning in childhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 998-1004.
Rettew, D. C., Althoff, R. R., Dumenci, L., Ayer, L., & Hudziak, J. J. (2008). Latent profiles of temperament and their relations to psychopathology and wellness. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(3), 273-281.
Rettew, D. C., Copeland, W., Stanger, C., & Hudziak, J. J. (2004). Associations between temperament and DSM-IV externalizing disorders in children and adolescents. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 25(6), 383-391.
Robins, L. N., & Price, R. (1991). Adult disorders predicted by childhood conduct problems: Results from the NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area project. Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes, 54(2), 116-132.
Roesner, R. W., & Eccles, J. S. (1998). Adolescent's perceptions of middle school: Relation to longitudinal changes in academic and psychological adjustment. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 8, 123-158.
Rothbart, M., & Bates, J. E. (1998). Temperament. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg (Eds.). Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development. (5th ed., pp.105-176). New York: Wiley.
Ruchkin, V. V., Eisemann, M., Cloninger, C. R. (1998). Behaviour/emotional problems in male juvenile delinquents and controls in Russia: the role of personality traits. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 98, 231-236.
Schmeck, K., & Poustka, F. (2001). Temperament and disruptive behavior disorders. Psychopathology, 34, 159-163.
Simic, M., & Fombonne, E. (2001). Depressive conduct disorder: symptom patterns and correlates in referred children and adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders 62, 175-185.
Taylor, D. C., & Ounsted, C. (1972). The nature of gender differences explored through ontogenetic analysis of sex ratios in disease. In C. Ounsted & D. C. Taylor (Eds.), Gender differences: Their ontogeny and significance (pp. 215-240). London: Churchill Livingstone.
Weisz, J. R., Suwanlert, S., Chaiyasit, W., Weiss, B., Achenbach, T. M., & Eastman, K. L. (1993). Behavioral and emotional problems among Thai and American adolescents: Parent reports for ages 12-16. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,102,395-403.
Wiesner, M., & Kim, H. K. (2006). Co-occurring delinquency and depressive symptoms of adolescent boys and girls: A dual trajectory modeling approach. Developmental Psychology, 42(6), 1220-1235.
Wiesner, M. (2003). A longitudinal latent variable analysis of reciprocal relations between depressive symptoms and delinquency during adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(4), 633-645.
Wolff, J. C., & Ollendick, T. H. (2006). The comorbidity of conduct problems and depression in childhood and adolescence. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 9, 201-220.
Zoccolillo, M. (1992). Co-occurrence of conduct disorder and its adult outcomes with depressive and anxiety disorders: A review. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(3), 547-556.