open access
메뉴
open access
메뉴
E-ISSN : 2733-4538
본 연구는 경도 알츠하이머병 환자의 억제기제 손상을 밝히기 위해 실시하였다. 억제기제는 자동억제처리와 통제억제처리로 나누어 평가하였다. 자동억제처리는 회귀억제 과제를, 통제억제처리는 측면자극 과제를 사용하여 경도 알츠하이머병 환자 15명과 정상 노인 17명의 수행을 비교하였다. 그 결과, 경도 알츠하이머병 환자와 정상 노인은 단서-표적 제시간격(cue-target stimulus onset asynchronies: SOA) 수준에 관계없이 비단서 조건에 비해 단서 조건에서 반응시간이 느려지는 회귀억제 효과가 있었다. 그러나 계획비교 결과, 정상 노인은 세 조건(800ms, 1300ms, 1800ms)의 SOA에서 회귀억제 효과가 있었으나, 경도 알츠하이머병 환자는 800ms SOA에서만 회귀억제 효과가 나타나 회귀억제 효과가 지속되지 않았다. 이는 선행연구와 일치하지 않는 결과로, 치매 진행 정도에 따라 경증 이상에서는 자동억제처리 기능이 손상된다는 것을 시사한다. 측면자극과제에서는 경도 알츠하이머병 환자는 정상 노인에 비해 측면자극 과제에서 반응시간이 길었고, 오반응이 많았다. 매우 초기 단계의 알츠하이머병 환자는 반사적으로 일어나는 자동억제처리가 보존되지만, 치매가 진행될수록 경증 이상에서는 방해 자극을 무시하고, 표적 자극에 선택적으로 주의를 기울이는 데 필요한 통제억제처리 기능과 함께 자동억제처리도 손상된다는 것을 시사한다.
Impairment of inhibitory mechanisms in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains controversial. Recent reviews regarding inhibitory functioning in AD have suggested that automatic inhibitory processes are intact while controlled inhibitory processes are impaired in patients with AD. The author examined the inhibition of return(i.e., automatically evoked inhibition; IOR) and flanker task(i.e., intentionally evoked inhibition) in a group of 15 patients with mild AD and 17 age-matched healthy controls (HC). Patients with mild AD exhibited significant IOR effects. A planned comparison revealed that unlike the HC, who exhibited significant IOR effects at all stimulus onset asynchrony(SOA), patients with mild AD exhibited significant IOR effects only at 800ms SOA. Further, the HC and patients with mild AD demonstrated significant inhibition with respect to the flanker task. These findings suggested that in the early stages of AD, automatic inhibitory processes may be intact whereas controlled inhibitory processes may be impaired. Finally, limitations of this study and suggestions for future studies were discussed.
강연욱, 나덕렬, 한승혜 (1997). 치매환자들을 대상으로 한 K-MMSE의 타당도 연구. 대한신경과학회지, 15, 300-306.
김영환, 진영선, 곽호완 (1995). 회귀억제효과로 본 알쯔하이머형 노인치매환자의 억제적 주의장애. 한국심리학회지: 실험 및 인지, 7(2), 131-142.
Amieva, H., Phillips, L. H., Della Sala, S., & Henry, J. D. (2004). Inhibitory functioning in Alzheimer's disease, Brain, 127, 949-964.
Amieva, H., Lafont, S., Auriacombe, S., Le Carret, N., Dartigues, J-F., Orgogozo, J-L., & Fabrigoule, C. (2002). Inhibitory breakdown and dementia of the Alzheimer type: A general phenomenon? Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24, 503-516.
Bench, C. J., Frith, C. D., Grasby, P. M., Friston, K. J., Paulesu, E., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Dolan, R. J. (1993). Investigation of the functional anatomy of attention using the Stroop Test. Neuropsychologia, 31, 907-922.
Bjorklund, D. F., & Harnishfeger, K. K. (1995). The evolution of inhibition mechanisms and their role in human cognition and behavior. In F. N. Dempster & C. J. Brainerd (Eds.), Interference and inhibition in cognition (pp. 142-169). San Diego: Academic Press.
Braak, H., & Braak, E. (1991). Neuropathological staging of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathologica, 82, 239-259.
Briand, K. A., Hening, W., Poizner, H., & Sereno, A. B. (2001). Automatic orienting of visuospatial attention in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia, 39, 1240-1249.
Broadbent, D. E. (1958). Perception and Communication. London: Pergamon Press.
Brodeur, D., & Pond, M. (2001). The Development of Selective Attention in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29, 229-239.
Cheal, M., & Chastain, G. (1999). Inhibition of return: Support for generality of the phenomenon. Journal of General Psychology, 126, 375-390.
Collette, F., & Van der Linden, M. (2002). Brain imaging of the central executive component of working memory. Neuroscience Biobehavior Review, 26, 105-125.
Collette, F., Van der Linden, M., & Salmon, E. (1999). Executive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Cortex, 35, 57-72.
Connelly, S. L., & Hasher, L. (1993). Aging and the inhibition of spatial location. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 19, 1238-1250.
Dagenbach, D., & Carr, T. H. (1994). Inhibitory processes in perceptual recognition: Evidence for a center-surround attentional mechanism. In D. Dagenbach & T. H. Carr (Eds.), Inhibitory processes in attention, memory and language (pp.327-357). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Danckert, J., Maruff, P., Crowe, S., & Currie, J. (1998). Inhibitory processes in covert orienting in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology, 12, 225-241.
Danziger, S., & Kingstone, A. (1999). Unmasking the inhibition of return phenomenon. Perception & Psychophysics, 61, 1024-1037.
Dempster, F. N. (1991). Inhibitory processes: A neglected dimension of intelligence. Intelligence, 15, 157-173.
Deutsch, J. A., & Deutsch, D. (1963). Attention: Some theoretical considerations. Psychological Review, 70, 80-90.
Diamond, A., Cruttenden, L., & Neiderman, D. (1994). AB with multiple wells: 1. Why are multiple wells sometimes easier than two wells? 2. Memory or memory + inhibition? Developmental Psychology, 30, 192-205.
Duke, L. M., & Kaszniak, A. W. (2000). Executive control functions in degenerative dementias: A comparative review. Neuropsychology Review, 10, 75-99.
Faust, M. E., & Balota, D. A. (1997). Inhibition of return and visuospatial attention in healthy older adults and individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neuropsychology, 11, 13-29.
Faust, M. E., Balota, D. A., & Duchek, J. M. (1995, November). Interference and negative priming: Flanker task performance in dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and normal aging. Poster presented at the 36th Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Los Angeles.
Fisher, L. M., Freed, D. M., & Corkin, S. (1990). Stroop Color-Word Test performance in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 12, 745-758.
Foldi, N. S., Lobosco, J. J., & Schaefer, L. A. (2002). The effect of attentional dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: Theoretical and practical implications. Seminars in Speech and Language, 23, 139-150.
Gaddes, W. H., & Edgell, D. (1994). Learning Disabilities and Brain Function: A Neuropsychological Approach. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Gratton, G., Coles, M. G. H., & Donchin, E. (1992). Optimizing the use of information: Strategic control of activation responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 121, 480-506.
Hartley, A. A., & Kieley, J. M. (1995). Adult age differences in the inhibition of return of visual attention. Psychology and Aging, 10, 670-684.
Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1988). Working memory, comprehension, and aging: a review and a new view. In G. H. Bower (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation (pp. 193-225). Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press
Heiman, K., & Valenstein, E. (1993). Clinical Neuropsychology. New York: Oxford University press.
Houghton, G. & Tipper, S. (1994). A model of inhibitory mechanisms in selective attention. In D. Dagenbach & T. H. Carr (Eds.), Inhibitory processes in attention, memory and language (pp. 53-112). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Huey, E. D., Wexler, B. E. (1994). Abnormalities in rapid, automatic aspects of attention in schizophrenia: Blunted inhibition of return. Schizophrenia Research, 14, 57-63.
Hughes, C. P., Berg, L., Danziger, W. L., Cober, L. A., & Martin, R. L. (1982). A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 556-572.
Jonides, J. (1981). Voluntary versus automatic control over the mind's eye. In J. Long & A. Baddeley (Eds.), Attention and performance Ⅸ (pp.187-203). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Jonkman, L., Kemmer, C., Verbaten, M., Van Engeland, H., Kenemans, J., Camfferman, G., Buitelaar, J., & Koelga, H. (1999). Perceptual and response interference in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and the effects of methyphenidate. Psychophysiology, 36, 419-429.
Kramer, A. F., Humphrey, D. G., Larish, J. F., Logan, G. D., & Strayer, D. L., (1994). Aging and inhibition: Beyond a unitary view of inhibitory processing in attention. Psychology and Aging, 9, 491-512.
Lawrence, A. D., & Sahakian, B. (1995). Alzheimer disease, attention, and the cholinergic system. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 9, 43-49.
Lusting, C., Hasher, L, & Zacks, R. T. (2007). Inhibitory deficit theory: Recent developments in a “new view.” in C. M. Macleod & D. S. Gorfein (Eds.), Inhibition in cognition (pp. 145-162). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Moulin, C. J., Perfect, T. J., Conway, M. A., North, A. S., Jones, R. W., & James, N. (2002). Retrieval-induced forgetting in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia, 40, 862-867.
Nigg, J. T. (2000). On inhibition/disinhibition in developmental psychopathology: View from cognitive and personality psychology and a working inhibition taxonomy. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 220-246.
Pardo, J. V., Pardo, P. J., Janer, K. W., & Raichle, M. E. (1990). The anterior cingulate cortex mediates processing selection in the Stroop attentional conflict paradigm. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 87, 256-259.
Perry, R. J., & Hodges, J. R. (1999). Attention and executive deficits in Alzheimer's disease: A critical review. Brain, 122, 383-404.
Perry, R. J., Watson, P., & Hodges, J. R. (2000). The nature and staging of attention dysfunction in early (minimal and mild) Alzheimer's disease: Relationship to episodic and semantic memory impairment. Neuropsychologia, 38, 252-271.
Petersen, R. C., Smith, G. E., Ivnik, R. J., Kokmen, E., & Tangalos, E. G. (1994). Memory function in very early Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 44, 867-872.
Posner, M. I., & Cohen, Y. (1984). Components of visual orienting. In H. Bouma & D. G. Bouwhuis (Eds.), Attention and performance X: Control of language processes (pp.531-556). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Ponser, M. I., & Petersen, S. E. (1990). The attention system of the human brain. [Review]. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 13, 25-42.
Pratt, J. (1995). Inhibition of return in a discrimination task. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2, 117-120.
Rafal, R. & Henik, A. (1994). The neurology of inhibition. In D. Dagenbach & T. Carr (Eds.), Inhibitory processes in attention, memory and language. San Diego: Academic Press.
Rafal, R. D., Calabresi, P. A., Brennan, C. W., & Sciolto, T. K. (1989). Saccade preparation inhibits reorienting to recently attended locations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 15, 673-685.
Rizzo, M., Anderson, S. W., Dawson, J., Myers, R., & Ball, K. (2000). Visual attention impairments in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 54, 1954-1959.
Sahakian, B. J., & Coull, J. T. (1993). Tetrahydroaminoacridine(THA) in Alzheimer's disease: An assessment of attentional and mnemonic function using CANTAB. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Supplementum, 149, 29-35.
Samuel, A. G., & Kat, D. (2003). Inhibition of return: A graphical meta-analysis of its time course and an empirical test of its temporal and spatial properties. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 10, 897-906.
Spieler, D. H., Balota, D. A., & Faust, M. E. (1996). Stroop performance in younger adults, healthy adults, and individuals with senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22, 461-479.
Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643-662.
Sullivan, M. P., Faust, M. E., & Balota, D. A. (1995). Identity negative priming in older adults and individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neuropsychology, 9, 537-555.
Taylor, T. L., & Klein, R. M. (1998). On the causes and effects of inhibition of return. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 5, 625-643.
Tipper, S. P. (1985). The Negative Priming effect: Inhibitory priming by ignored objects. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 37A, 571-590.
Welsh, K. A., Butters, N., Hughes, J. P., Mohs, R. C., & Heyman, A. (1992). Detection and staging of dementia in Alzheimer's disease. Use of the neuropsychological measures developed for the consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease. Archives of Neurology, 49, 448-452.
