3권 1호
초록
1896년, Lightner Witmer가 Pennsylvania 대학에 心理診療所를 개설하고 Psychological Clinic이라는 기관지를 출간한 이래 臨床心理學者의 役割에는 많은 변화가 있었다. 초창기의 대다수 임상심리학자들은 適應問題를 가진 아동들을 대상으로 한 臨床活動에 전념하였었다. 1949년, 미국심리학회는 Boulder會議에서 임상심리학자의 역할을 규정하였다. 이에 따르면, 임상심리학는 일차적으로 心理學者로서 충분한 자격을 갖춰야 하며, 그 위에 臨床家로서의 役割과 硏究者로서의 役割이 주어졌다. 그러나 실제에 있어서는 그대로 받아 들여지지 못하였다 ; 즉 臨床家는 硏究者의 연구결과를 외면하고 試行錯誤的 方法이나 臨床的 洞察에 전적으로 의존하였었다. 다른 한편 연구자는 臨床場面을 고려하지 못한 연구에만 관심이 있었기 때문에 임상가에게 도움을 줄만한 업적을 내놓지 못하였다. 결과적으로 두 역할 사이의 괴리현상만 증대할 뿐이었다. 이러한 상황에서 6년전, 미국심리학회는 Vail會議에서 臨床家들 만을 위한 새로운 專門職學位제도를 제안하였는데 이는 임상심리학자의 두 가지 역할을 인정하는 결과가 되었다. 이는 학문의 발전을 위해서는 불행한 처사라고 생각된다. 임상심리학자의 역할은 두 개가 아닌, 두가지 측면을 갖는 통합된 하나여야만 한다. 臨床心理學에서는 單一事例 ; N=1의 중요성이 강조되어야 하며 이를 대상으로 한 實用的 應用硏究를 위한 行動統制技衔을 개발해 나아가야 한다.
Abstract
After Witmer's establishment cf psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania in 1896 and publication of Psychological Clinic, a Iot of changes oecured in the role of clinical psychologists. In the initial stage of development, the majority of clinical psychologists engaged in clinical work. They put special emphasis on helping school children who were suffering from social and academic adjustment problems. In 1949 APA Boulder Conference declared the role of clinical psychologists. According to it, first of all, they should be fully qualified as psychologists, and then two roles, as a practicing clinician as well as a researcher, were required. Unfortunately, there was a growing split between two required roles; Practicing clinicians who engaged in (work at) clinical settings neglected the clinical researchers' findings. They solely depended on trial and error methods or clinical insight in the clinical practice. On the other hand, Researchers were unlikely to engage in research which could influence practicing clinicians, As a result their research findings were incompatible with clinical realities. Recently APA Vail Conference had offered a new professional degree system for practicing clinicians, which might suggest the official full acceptance of seperated two roles rather than integrated ones. Realistically as well as idealistically, two roles should be integrated into one with two different aspects. In practice and conducting research, clinical psychologists have to realize the paramount importance of the single subject, N=1. This does not mean one of radical changes but a renaissance in the field of clinical psychology.
초록
이 硏究에서 MMPI, KWIS, 로샤檢査 및 檢査배터리의 臨床受當度를 알아보았고 아울러 檢査간의 同時受當度를 알아보았다. 被驗者는 서울시내 고등학교 2년 재학생 165명과 漢陽大學病院 신경정신과에 입원한 청소년환자 45명이었다. 心理檢査는 碩士이상 심리학자 8명이 실시하였고 臨床診斷은 2명의 정신과 전문의를 포함해서 2년이상의 정신과 專攻醫에 의해 수행되었다. 그 결과 1) MMPI와 他檢査간의 동시타당도는 무시할 만큼 낮았고 KWIS와 로샤검사간에는 유의하게 높았다. 2) 개별검사와 검사배터리간의 동시 타당도는 MMPI가 0.46, KWIS가 0.84, 로샤가 0.80으로 비교적 높았다. 3) 檢査와 臨床診斷간의 타당도는 MMPI에서 0.49로 가장 낮았고, 검사배터리에서 0.74로 가장 높았다.
Abstract
The present study is to examine the clinical validity of MMPI, KWIS, Rorschach test and test battery consisted of these 3 tests. The sample in this study was a group of 210 subjects, 165 high school sophomores in Seoul area and 45 adolescent psychiatric patients in Hanyang university hospial. Tests were administered and analized by 8 psychologist-2 qualified psychologists and 6 master level trainees with a minimum of 1 year psychodiagnostic training. Clinical diagnoses were performed by 7 psychiatrists-2 psychitric specialists and 5 residents with at least 2 year residency training. In order to get validation measure, contigency coefficient was calculated and significance test was done with Chi square method. The results were as followings. 1. As concurrent validities among tests, contingency coefficients of MMPIS with KWIS and Rorschach were negligibly low as 0.43 and 0.48, where as that of KWIS against Rorschach was significantly high as 0. 73. In addition, those of MMPI, KWIS and Rorschach against test battery were 0.46, 0.84 and 0.8 respectively. 2. Against the criterion of clinical diagnoses, validity coefficients of MMPI, KWIS, Rorschach and test battery appeared to be significantlyh ig has 0.49, 0.65, 0.65 and 0.74 respectively. From these data, it was strongly sueggested that not only each test in this study possibly had a different function to contribute diagnostic judgement of test battery, but also the test battery appeared to be most effective procedure for clinical diagnosis.
초록
자아강도의 개념의 속성, 문항분석에 의한 타당한 문항의 추출, 및 MMPI 단축형에 의한 자아강도측정 가능성을 알아보기 위해 Barron (1953a)의 자아강도척도가 사용되었다. 세개의 대학생집단을 대상으로 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. ① 대체로 자아강도는 내적 갈등을 자각하고 전문적인 도움을 얻으려는 준비성, 혹은 강한 동기 및 새로운 적응을 시도하려는 잠재적인 힘으로, 그리고 일면 정신병리에 대한 방어성으로 볼 수 있었다. ② 문항분석에 의해 42개의 문항이 추출되었다. 이 중 2개 문항은 채점방향이 바뀌어졌다. 추출된 문항들은 정상집단과 이상집단을 더 변별하는 방향으로 기능하고 있음을 보여 주었다. ③ MMPI 단축형에 의한 자아강도측정은 그 가능을 시사해 주기는 했으나, -처음 46문항과 68문항과의 상관이 .90이상이었다 -단축형에는 추출된 11개의 문항이 빠져 있어 미해결된 문제로 남아있다.
Abstract
In this study, attempts were made to evaluate clearly the nature of the concept of ego-strength, to construct the more valid scale of ego-strength in terms of item analysis of the existing ego-strength scale, which enable to differentiate among diagnostic groups and to measure the outcome and the improvement of counseling or psychotherapy, and to examine the possibility of measuring the ego-strength in terms of the use of the short form (383 items) of MMPI. For this purpose, three groups of students were used; ① self-referred counselees who aware of their inner conflicts and problems in personality area and consulted a counselor, ② normals(S), who, they felt, had severe personalily problems, bu tneeded not to consult a counselor, ③ normals(N), who regarded their personality problems as trivial. The findings of this study were as follows: ① Ego strength suggested the strong motivations and latent potentialities or forces in which they aware of their inner conflicts and tried to read just themselves with the professional help and indicated the defensiveness. ② 42 items were drawned from item analysis, two of which were reversed in the direction of the scoring. The result of item analysis showed that 42 items functioned better in the direction or differentiating normals and abnormals than 68 full items. ③ High correlation between first 46 items included in the short form (383 items) of MMPI and 68 full items suggest the possibility of the use of the MMPI short form, in measuring the ego-strength.
초록
정신분석에 의하면 인간은 자신의 본능적 욕구충족을 극대화하려는 존재이며, 그의 심리적 문제는 무의식적인 유아 아동기적 충동을 유아 아동기적 방식으로 만족시키려할 때 야기된다고 본다. 인간중심의 상담에서는 인간은 내재적 잠재력을 실현하고자하는 존재이며, 그의 심리적 문제는 그의 자기 개념이 그의 경험을 이해 수용할 수 없을 때 야기된다고 본다. 불교 에서는 인간은 중생인 동시에 잠재적 부처이며, 중생으로서의 심리적인 문제는 無明 때문에 小我的 自己나 대상에 집착하기 때문에 생긴다고 본다. 이들 세 관점은 내적인 성격요인을 강조하는 검에서 는 공통성을 보이면서도, 중요한 차이를 보인다. 정신분석에서는 인간을 근본적으로 동물적인 욕구를 추구하는 존재로 보는 데 반하여, 인간중심의 상담에서는 성장지향적이고 긍정적인 경향성을 가진 존재로 보며, 불교에서는 이들 양면을 모두 가진 것으로 간주한다. 방어 역시 정신분석에서는 필요불가결한 것으로 보지만, 인간중심의 상담에서는 내재적 잠재력의 실현을 방해하는 것으로 보며, 불교에서도 깨달음을 통하여 극복되어야할 것으로 본다. 심리적 문제의 발생 과정과 불교의 迷十重 사이의 연결 가능성이 간단히 시사되었다.
Abstract
This study is to compare psychoanalysis, personcentered counseling, and Buddhism (especially, Mahayana Buddhism) with their views on man and on his problems. In psychoalysis, man is viewed as a being which is oriented to maximize his instinctual gratification while minimizing punishment and guilt. His behavior is the result of compromise between his instinctual needs and the social demands which are usually in conflict. His personality pattern is regarded as reflection of his early conflicts and defences against them. The psychological problem (or maladjustment) means that one is in a state where he seeks to gratify his repressed (or fixated) infantile desires through his infantile behavior patterns. In person-centered counseling, man is regarded as a being to actualize his inherent potentialities. His behavior results from his free choice in his phenomenal field, and his choice reflects whether his self-concept is congruent with his organismic experience. He is said to have psychological problem when he feels difficulties in actualizing his inherent potentialities, which occurs when his self-concept is threatened by his incongruent experiences. In Buddhism, man is viewed as a potential Buddhar but at the same time as an ignorant being. When he is enlightened into his True Mind and lives accordingly, he becomes a Buddha; when he is ignorant, he is merely a sentient being. Man's behaviour reflects his state of mind. His psychological problem results from his attachment to small-self and objects, both of which are believed to be illusory in nature, due to ignorance. These three points of view are similar in that they all place more emphasis on personality than on environment. However, they differ in their views on man's basic motivation and the nature of defences. According to psychoanclysis, man is basically animalistic being which behaves mainly for his instinctual reeds that are quite the same as those of animals. His defences are unavoidable and at the same time necessary for the avoidance of not only punishment from without but also guilt from within. In contrast, from the viewpoint of person-centered counseling, man is a positive being which strives to actualize his inherent, growth-oriented, organismic potentialities. The actualization of his potentialities is good for the society as well as for himself. Defenses, which distort or deny his organismic experiences to maintain and actualize his self-concept, are the main blocks to the actuaization of his potentialities. In Buddhism, man is assumed to possess both the humane and alturistic side and the egoistic side. Ignorance, which makes one attached to illusory selfand world, is the fundamental human condition and can be overcome only by enlightenment on his True Mind.
초록
정신분석에서 치료자는 치료동맹, 전이 관계, 자유연상을 통하여 환자로 하여금 자신의 무의식적 갈등 및 그와 관련된 충동 및 적응기제를 의식ㆍ극복토록 한다. 치료자의 해석과 분석적 태도는 필수적이다. 인간중심의 상담에서는 상담자는 진실성, 수용, 공감 등의 태도를 통하여 내담자로 하여금 자신을 자유로이 이해ㆍ수용하는 가운데 그의 자기개념을 변화시킬 것을 기대한다. 불교에서는 수행자가 자기의 마음을 올바로 믿고 이해하는 가운데 六婆羅密行을 닦아 깨달음에 이르게 한다. 이들 세 관점은 모두 關係와 자기에 대한 洞察을 강조한다. 그러나 통찰의 내용은 다르다. 정신분석에서는 무의식적인 유아ㆍ아동기적 갈등과 충동 및 방어기제의 통찰이며, 인간중심의 상담에서는 억압된 성장지향적인 잠재력의 통찰이고, 불교에서는 小我的自己의 허구성과 大我的 自己의 구족함에 대한 깨달음이다. 정신분석과 인간중심의 상담에서는 자기에 대한 통찰은 치료와 상담의 결과이지만, 불교에서는 자기에 대한 지적인 통찰은 수행의 전제이다. 정신분석은 전이욕구의 좌절을 강조하고, 인간중심의 상담은 성장지향적인 욕구의 충족을 강조하며, 불교에서는 욕구의 無化를 통한 大我의 출현가능성을 이해하고 믿을 것을 강조한다.
Abstract
This study is to compare psychoanalysis, personcentered counseling, and Buddhism (especially Mahayana Buddhism) with their ways of dealing with psychological problems. The goal of psychoanalyis is to reconstruct the patient's personality, in other words, to modify his infantile needs and adjustment patterns to more realistic and more appropriate ones. This goal can be achieved by making the patient conscious of, and working through, his repressed conflicts and his infantile needs, impulses, and coping mechanisms related with those conflicts. A psychoanalyst makes use of therapeutic alliance, transference, and free association to accomplish this goal. A psychoanlyst interprets his patient's transference and resistance to make his patient understand the patient's repressed infantile needs and his unconscious defences, guilt, and fear. A psychoanalyst takes an analytic attitude as no more or no less than a therapist during the treatment. Person-centered counseling aims at a client's actualization of his inherent potentialities which have been distorted or denied. This goal is achieveved only when, the client gets an insight into his experiences and changes his self-concept accordingly. Such undrstanding and changes are possible through therapeutic atmosphere of congruence, acceptance, and empathic understanding from a counselor. In Buddhism, the solution of psychological problem lies in enlightenment. Such enlightenment is achieved by getting insight into one's True Mind or Buddha Nature, and living up to it. For this, a disciple must believe in and understand his True Mind, and must cultivate it by practising six paramita; charity, keeping the commandments, patience under insult, zeal, meditation, and wisdom. A disciple is given a Wha-doo (or Koan) and stimulated by his master to devote all his energy to it in Gan-wha Sōn, which is a kind of meditation and is usually considered in Korea the representative way of cultivating one's mind among the six paramita. A Wha-dco is a puzzle-like problem, which seems to be pointing at. the disciple's essential attachment (upādāara) and ignorance (avidya). A master is a guide, who pays his attention only to his disciple's progress in the solution of the Wha-doo, but gives no explanation hint about it. Psychoanalysis, person-centered counseling, and Buddhism are similar in their emphases on insight into one's mind and on the importance of therapeutic relationship beween a therapist (a counelor, or a guide)and a patient (a client, or a disciple). However, they differ greatly in the folliowing respects. First, the contents of insight are different. In psychoanalysis, repressed infantile wishes and adjustment mechanisms are understood, while repressed potentialities for growth (or actualization) are awakened in person-centered counseling. In Buddhism we can find both sides. Second, they differ in their placement of insight along the whole process. In psychoanalysis and person-centered counseling, a patient's (or a client's) intellectual/emotional insight into one's own mind is the consequence of the successful treatment (or counseling). However, in Buddhism, the intellectual insight and the belief in one's own True Mind are the prerequisite for the successful practice of cultivation. Third, their views on the nature cf the relationship during the treatment process are different. In psychoanalysis, the frustration of patients' transference needs is emphasized, while the healthy relationship which satisfies clients' needs for growth is regarded important in person-centered counseling. Buddhism seems to have both aspects, that is, frustration of egotistic impulses and satisfaction in the form of hope and belief in his True Mind.
초록
정신분열증 환자들의 단기기억 상기량에 영향을 주는 정상인과의 특징적인 차이를 밝히고자 하였다. 실험결과에서 환자집단이 정상인에 비해 단기기억 상기량이 낮았고 정상인은 청각보다는 시각적 제시에서 상기량이 유의미하게 높았으나 환자집단에서는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 자극조건에서 환자집단은 기억정보를 보다 유의미화시킬수록 상기량이 높았다. 정상집단은 시청각공히 무선적보다는 조직적, 조직적 보다는 의미적 자극조건에서 상기량이 유의미하게 높았다. 계열위치 혼란은 환자집단이 정상인 집단에 비해 의미 있게 높았고 시청각 간에는 양집단 공히 차이가 없었다. 계열위치상 정답상기량은 두집단 모두 청각에서는 무선적, 조직적 자극이 초두효과와 말미효과가 높았고 유의미 자극은 초두효과는 높았으나 말미효과가 낮았다. 시각에서는 무선적, 조직적, 유의미적 자극 모두가 초두효과가 높은 반면 말미 효과가 낮았다.
Abstract
This experiment investigates the factors influencing on the recall of short-term memory in schizophrenics. Thirty-six seven-nonsense syllable lists, varing in degree of information stimulus, were presented to 30 women schizophrenic and 30 women normal subjucts for free recall. Half of the lists were auditory presentation, the remainder being visual presentation. A third of the lists were random sequences, a third were organized consonant vowel sequences, and a third were nonsense syllable sequences being a meaningful word in combination. The findings resulting from this study are as follows; 1. Schizophrenics gave significantly lower recall than did normals 2. Schizophrenics showed no significant differences between the auditory lists and the visual lists, but normals produced a more recall in the visual lists than the auditory lists. 3. Schizophrenics showed no significant differences among the random × the organization × the meaningful interaction at the auditory presentation, but the visual presentation produced a large increament in the recall of the meaningful stimulus (the random × the meaningful, the organization × The meaningful interaction). Normals produced a significantly higher recall increament in the meaningful list than the organization list and the organization list than the random list from the both of the visual and the auditory presentation. 4. In the amount of the performance confusion spouses, schizophrenics also gave significantly higher recall than did normals. 5. In the effect of serial position, auditory presentation. indicated that both schizophrenics and normals had higher recalling in the early and the last serial position from the random and the organization lists, while meaningful list h.ad lower recalling in the last item than the early items. Visual presentation showed that both groups had higher recalling item in the early serial position, while revealed lower recalling item in the early serial position, while revealed lower recalling in the last item from all information stimuli (random, organization, meaningful).
초록
이 연구는 로르샤하 검사에서의 경계선 점수의 타당성을 검증하려는 목적으로 경계선 점수를 방벽점수와 관통 점수로 나누어 자아경계와의 관계 와 반응내용을 분석하였 다. 정상군ㆍ신경증군ㆍ정신병군으로 나누어 각 13명의 피험자에게 로르샤하를 실시하여 검사결과에서 경계선 점수를 방벽점수와 관통점수로 구분하여 얻었다. 연구결과는 정신병집단이 정상집단. 신경증집단에 비해 방벽점수가 낮고 관통점수가 높게 나타났다. 이는 정신병집단에서는 자아경계의 통합이 안되는 것을 나타내는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 또한 내용을 분석한 결과 각 집단마다의 나름대로 독특한 임상적 자아 경계를 나타내고 있다. 경계선 점수는 자아경계에 대한 보다 역동적인 지표로서 다루어질 수 있으며 새로운 가능성이 시사되고 있다.
Abstract
Study on Boundary score in Rorschach Test. The purpose of this study is to verify the validity of boundary score in Rorschach test. Specifically, this study is designed to examine the usefulness of ego boundary by dividing it into Barrier score and Penetration score. The study sample is consisted of 39 persons drawn from three different groups, i. e, normal, neurotic and psychotic groups. The Rorsehach test was administered to sample, and subsequently, boundary score was obtained from the test results. The research findings are the following: 1) Among the psychotic group, when compared with normal and neurosis groups, B score was relatively low, while P score was high. This indicates the disintegration cf ego-boundary among the psychotic groups 2) When the content analysis was applied to the Boundary score, the result revealed that the each group seemed to have their own clinical ego boundary. In cum, Boundary score can be regarded as a more dynamic index for ego boundary within the context, a new potential of Boundary score is realized.
초록
역사적, 사회적, 문화적요인 등에 의해 전통적인 결혼에 대한 관념이 바뀌어 가면서 현대사회에서 문제를 가진 가정이 점차 증가되고 있다. 가정의 중요성이 인식되면서, 특히 부부관계는 원만한 가족관계나 가족의 정신건강에 책심적인 요인이 된다는 점이 밝혀지고 있다. 부부치료는 實際가 理論을 앞지르는 분야로서 아직 시작 단계라고 볼 수 있으나 많은 사람들의 관심을 끌고 있다. 本 연구에서는 부부치료 발달과정과 접근양식을 기법과 더불어 개관해 보고자 했다. 치료접근은 크게 정신분석적접근, 행동주의적접근, 체계이론적접근, 세가지로 나누어 각각 기본개념, 치료의 발달, 치료 형태, 치료단계 등을 중심으로 고찰했다. 마지막으로 세가지 접근을 비교 분석하여 각각의 공헌점을 살펴 보았다.
Abstract
As the concept of traditional marriage is affected by historical, social, and cultural factors, the number of problem families is gradually increasing in today's society. It is becoming even clearer, with the increasing recognition of the importance of family, that marital relations play a pivotal role in the relations and mental hygiene of the family. Since marital therapy is still in the beginning stage and practice is more advanced than theory, this research is thus a general survey of the developmental stage. With emphasis on basic concepts, therapy development, therapy format, and treatment stages, a comparative-analysis was conducted of the psychoanalytical, behavioral and systems theory approaches to determine their contributions to the marital therapy.
초록
MMTI 한국판 단측형, KWIS, Rorschach, BGT, DAP 등을 실시한 결과로 얻어진 심리검사상의 인상과 의사의 임상적 진단이 일치하는 환자 144명을 연구 대상으로 하였다(이때 7명이 제외 됨). MMPI 한국판 단축형의 Code-pattern과 진단과를 비교한 결과 1, 3타입에서 3명이 전환증, 6명이 정신 분열중, 1명이 약물중독이었다. 1, 8타입은 1명이 전환증, 5명이 정신분열증이었다. 4타입은 성격이상이 7명, 정신분열증이 2명이었다. 6, 8타입은 망상형 혹은 이와 관계가 있는 정신분열증이 26명, 다른 정신분열증 1명, 조증 2명, 우울증 1명이었다. 2타입은 4명이 모두 우울신경증이었다. 따라서 척도 1이 상승되었을 것으로 생각된다. 척도 2는 상승되었을 가능성이 나타나지 않고 있는데 이는 김중술ㆍ이정균의 견과와 상치되는 것으로 계속 연구가 요망된다.
Abstract
It has been customary to interpret the code patter n of the short form of Korean MMPI according to the cookbook of MMPI. But there are problems in this approach. For example, in 1,3 type, there are 3 conversions, 6 schizophrenias, and 1 drug-abuse among 10 cases. As a result cf the present study, it was concluded that we need a new interpretation method ether than present cookbook approach for the short form of Korean MMPI.
초록
24명의 정신분열증과 12명의 정상인을 대상으로 연속적 선택반응시간 과제인 카드분류과제를 사용하여 자극복잡성과 반응복잡성의 수준을 독립적으로 변화시킬 때, 그 변화가 정신분열증의 선택반응시간에 미치는 영향을 검토하고 또 이를 근거로 정신분열증의 주의장애에 대한 세 이론을 검증해 보았다. 정신분열증은 정상인보다 일반적으로 동작시간이 느렸으며, 자극복잡성과 반응복잡성이 증가함에 따라 의사결정시간이 더욱 느려졌다. 또한 정신분열증 집단에서 반응복잡성의 증가에 의사결정시간을 연결시킨 희귀선의 기울기가 자극복잡성의 증가에 따라 얻어진 희귀선의 그것보다 더욱 가파랐다. 이러한 결과는 Broen(1968)의 반응간섭이론과 McGhie(1970)의 여과과정 결함이론 등은 지지하나 Yates(1966)의 이론은 본 실험 결과로 확인되지 않았다.
Abstract
Three theories of attentional deficit were tested by means of card-sorting choice reaction time task in which stimulus complexity and response complexity were varied independently. An individual's choice reaction time was divided into movement time and decision time by regression analysis. It was found that stimulus complexity, response complexity, and movement speed were associated with significantly greater impairment in schizophrenic groups. In addition, the regression line relating decision time to response complexity was significantly steeper than the regression line relating decision time to stimulus complexity, indicating that response selection was more difficult than stimulus analysing for the schizophrenics. These finding supported Broen's (1968) partial collapse of response hierarchies, and also provided some support for McGhie's (1970) defective filter theory. But Yates' (1966) theory could not be confirmed by these results. The effect of chlorpromazine on choice reaction time performance of schizophrenia, the merit of choice reaction time task, and homogeneous grouping of schizophrenia were also discussed.
초록
個人은 각기 獨特한 知覺ㆍ記憶 및 思考方式을 갖고 있다. 이런 方式을 Klein이 認知樣式이라고 命名한 이래, 認知樣式이 個人의 行動을 一貫性있게 해주며 非認知的 行動에도 영향을 미치고 適應行動의 樣式을 결정 하는 주요한 要因으로 생각되어 왔다. 認知樣式에 대한 종래 연구중 Witkin의 場依存姓-獨立性에 대한 연구가 대표적이다. 本 論考에서는 認知樣式의 기본적 假定을 충족시키는 場依存性-獨立性의 개념 및 側定方法을 考察하고, 場依存性-獨立性과 適應類科 및 精神病列와의 관계에 대한 연구결과를 考察해 보았다. 마지막으르 場依存性-獨立性이라는 認知樣式이 精神病理를 이해하는 데 효율적인 道具가 될지도 모른다는 점이 시사되었다.
Abstract
An individual has his own mode of perceiving, memorizing, and thinking. Since this mode was named Cognitive style' by Klein, it was thought that cognitive style makes an individual's behavior expressed in a consistent way, affects noncognitive behaviors and determines the styles of adjustive behaviors. Typical among the studies of cognitive styles was Witkin's research on the field dependence-independence. In. this article, the concept and measurement of the field dependence-independence satisfying the basic assumptions about cognitive style was reviewed, and the relationships between field dependence-independence & adjustment mechanisms were discussed. Finally, the implication that field dependence-independence, a particular cognitive style, would be an effective tool for understanding psychopathology was considered.