open access
메뉴
open access
메뉴
E-ISSN : 2733-4538
The purpose of current study was to examine the effects of evaluative conditioning (EC) on changing explicit and implicit attitudes toward alcohol in drinkers. Participants included of 18 heavy drinkers and 13 light drinkers, based on the Korean-language version of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-K) and alcohol consumption. All participants were subjected to an EC, which consistently pairs alcohol-related stimuli with negative stimuli. In addition, assessment of explicit and implicit attitudes toward alcohol was performed using self-report questionnaires and the approach-avoidance alcohol Implicit Association Test (approach-avoidance alcohol IAT). According to the results, heavy drinkers showed higher scores on explicit alcohol cravings and a more implicit approach tendency toward alcohol-related stimuli than light drinkers. In addition, use of the EC resulted in successful reduction of explicit craving and implicit approach action tendency in both groups. The findings of the current study supported the effectiveness of the EC task in changing motivational and implicit attitudes toward alcohol, which is an important mechanism in alcohol abuse and relapse. Furthermore, based on the results for implicit attitudes, it can supplement the limits of socially desirability and intended bias, which are characteristics of explicit results.
김종성, 오미경, 박병강, 이민규, 김갑중, 오장균 (1999). 한국에서 AUDIT를 통한 알코올리즘의 선별기준. 대한가정의학회지, 20, 1152-1159.
김철민, 김성곤, 김민정, 김호찬, 오광욱, 김효정, 김세훈, 이덕기, 변원탄, 강철중 (2008). 알코올 의존 환자에서 한국어판 알코올 충동 척도(Korean Alcohol Urge Questionnaire, AUQ-K)의 신뢰도와 타당도 연구. 생물정신의학, 15, 204-210.
박은영, 김영환 (2005). 외현적, 암묵적 알코올기대와 음주행동 간의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 24, 831-848.
장승옥 (2001). 대학생 음주행위와 문제음주 인지도의 추이, 1996-2000. 청소년학연구, 8, 259-278.
Baccus, J. R., Baldwin, M. W., & Packer, D. J. (2004). Increasing implicit self-esteem through classical conditioning. Psychological Science, 15, 498-502.
Baeyens, F., Hermans, D., & Eelen, P. (1993). The role of CS-US contingency in human evaluative conditioning. Behavior Research and Therapy, 31, 731-737.
Bechara, A. (2005). Decision making, impulse control and loss of willpower to resist drugs: A neurocognitive perspective. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 1458-1463.
Cahalan, D., & Cisin, I. H. (1968). American drinking practices: Summary of findings from a national probability sample. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 29, 130-151.
Davidson, R. J. (1993). Parsing affective space: Perspectives from neuropsychology and psychophysiology. Neuropsychology, 7, 464-475.
De Houwer, J., Thomas, S., & Baeyens, F. (2001). Associative learning of likes and dislikes: A review of 25 years of research on human evaluative conditioning. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 853-869.
Deutsch, R., & Strack, F. (2006). Reflective and impulsive determinants of addictive behavior. In R. W. Wiers, & A. W. Stacy (Eds.), Handbook of implicit cognition and addiction (pp. 45-57). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishers.
Field, M., Kiernan, A., Eastwood, B., & Child, R. (2008). Rapid approach responses to alcohol cues in heavy drinkers. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 39, 209- 218.
Gawronski, B., & LeBel, E. P. (2008). Understanding patterns of attitude change: When implicit measures show change, but explicit measures do not. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1355-1361.
Goldman, M. S. (1994). The alcohol expectancy concept: Applications to assessment, prevention, and treatment of alcohol abuse. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 3, 131-144.
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 1464-1480.
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the implicit association test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197-216.
Houben, K., & Wiers, R. W. (2007a). Are drinkers implicitly positive about drinking alcohol? Personalizing the alcohol-IAT to reduce negative extrapersonal contamination. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 42, 301-307.
Houben, K., & Wiers, R. W. (2007b). Personalizing the alcohol-IAT with individualized stimuli: Relationship with drinking behavior and drinking-related problems. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 2852-2864.
Houben, K., & Wiers, R. W. (2008). Implicitly positive about alcohol? Implicit positive associations predict drinking behavior. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 979-986.
Houben, K., & Wiers, R. W. (2009). Response inhibition moderates the relationship between implicit associations and drinking behavior. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 33, 626-633.
Houben, K., Havermans, R. C., & Wiers, R. W. (2010). Learning to dislike alcohol: Conditioning negative implicit attitudes toward alcohol and its effect on drinking behavior. Psychopharmacology, 211, 79-86.
Houben, K., Schoenmakers, T. M., & Wiers, R. W. (2010). I didn't feel like drinking but I don't know why: The effects of evaluative conditioning on alcohol-related attitudes, craving and behavior. Addictive Behaviors, 35, 1161-1163.
Inquisit 2.0.50401 [Computer software]. (2005). Seattle, WA: Millisecond Software LLC.
Jajodia, A., & Earleywine, M. (2003). Measuring alcohol expectancies with the implicit association test. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 17, 126-133.
Jones, C. R., Fazio, R. H., & Olson, M. A. (2009). Implicit misattribution as a mechanism underlying evaluative conditioning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 933-948.
Lang, P. J. (1995). The emotion probe: Studies of motivation and attention. American Psychologist, 50, 372-385.
Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2005). International affective picture system (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual. Technical Report A-6. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Leigh, B. C. (1989). In search of the seven dwarves: Issues of measurement and meaning in alcohol expectancy research. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 361-373.
Maria, C., & Reiko, G. (2008). Implicit and explicit attitudes to high and low calorie food in females with different BMI status. Journal of Eating Behaviors, 9, 303-312.
McCarthy, D. M., & Thompsen, D. M. (2006). Implicit and explicit measure of alcohol and smoking cognitions. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20, 436-444.
Olson, M. A., & Fazio, R. H. (2001). Implicit attitude formation through classical conditioning. Psychological Science, 12, 413-417.
Olson, M. A., & Fazio, R. H. (2006). Reducing automatically-activated racial prejudice through implicit evaluative conditioning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 421-433.
Ostafin, B. D., Marlatt, G. A., & Greenwald, A. G. (2008). Drinking without thinking: An implicit measure of alcohol motivation predicts failure to control alcohol use. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1210-1219.
Ostafin, B. D., & Palfai, T. P. (2006). Compelled to consume: The implicit association test and automatic alcohol motivation. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20, 322-327.
Palfai, T. P., & Ostafin, B. D. (2003). Alcohol-related motivational tendencies in hazardous drinkers: Assessing implicit response tendencies using the modified IAT. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 1149-1162.
Rescorla, R. A. (1988). Pavlovian conditioning: It's not what you think it is. American Psychologist, 43, 151-160.
Stacy, A. W., & Wiers, R. W. (2010). Implicit cognition and addiction: A tool for explaining paradoxical behavior. Annual Review of Clinical psychology, 6, 551-575.
Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 220- 247.
Wiers, R. W., Bartholow, B. D., Van den Wildenberg, E., Thush, C., Engels, R. C. M. E., Sher, K. J., Grenard, J., Ames, S. L., & Stacy, A. W. (2007). Automatic and controlled processes and the development of addictive behaviors in adolescents: A review and a model. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 86, 263-283.
Wiers, R. W., van de Luitgaarden, J., van den Wildenberg, E., Smulders, F. T. Y. (2005). Challenging implicit and explicit alcohol- related cognitions in young heavy drinkers. Addiction, 100, 806-819.
Wiers, R. W., Rinck, M., Kordts, R., Houben, K., & Strack, R. (2010). Retraining automatic action-tendencies to approach alcohol in hazardous drinkers. Addiction, 105, 279-287.
Wiers, R. W., & Stacy, A. W. (2006a). Handbook of implicit cognition and addiction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishers.
Wiers, R. W., & Stacy, A. W. (2006b). Implicit cognition and addiction. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 292-296.
Wiers, R. W., van Woerden, N., Smulders, F. T., & de Jong, P. J. (2002). Implicit and explicit alcohol-related cognitions in heavy and light drinkers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 648-658.