open access
메뉴
open access
메뉴
E-ISSN : 2733-4538
This study was conducted in order to evaluate sensitivity of two levels of delay discounting tasks and to determine whether levels of task reward could discriminate people with diverse status of health-related behavior. Reward magnitude was used as an independent variable. Participants included 202 undergraduate students (87 males and 115 females, mean age 20.03(SD=1.88)). Each participant performed two levels of delay discounting tasks and completed the Barratt Impulsive Scale-11(BIS-11). They were classified into groups according to their status on two health-related behaviors, smoking and drinking alcohol. According to the results, the discounting rate was significantly higher when the value of reward in the discounting task was lower. In addition, the group of people who smoke or drink alcohol reported a significantly higher discounting rate in the task with lower value of reward. However, delay discounting task with higher value of reward and BIS-11 did not explain the differences between the groups. Results implicated that reward magnitude in delay discounting task may influence sensitivity of the task. This suggested the need for careful selection of the amount of reward of delay discounting task when evaluating impulsivity. Additional information and limitation for future research were discussed.
고영건, 이임순, 김지혜 (2004). 주의력-결핍/과잉행동 장애와 품행 장애의 충동성 비교. 한국심리학회지 임상, 23(2), 417-433.
박준호, 이소영, 권민교, 이연정, 정한용 (2011). 아동, 청소년 ADHD의 진단에서 기능장해 평가의 중요성 및 하위유형 간의 기능장해 비교. 한국심리학회지 임상, 30(1), 55 -70.
보건복지부 질병관리본부 (2009). 2009 국민건강통계. 국민건강영양조사 제4기 3차년도(2009.12) .
삼육대학교, 보건복지부 (2003). 대학생의 폭음(binge drinking)에 대한 주기적인 실태조사 및 대학생 음주문제 예방정책 개발.
이선희, 장문선, 곽호완 (2011). 폭식경향 집단의 충동성과 주의력 결함. 한국심리학회지 임상, 30(2), 537.
이인혜 (2001). 기능적 충동성과 역기능적 충동성의 성격적 및 인지적 특징. 한국심리학회지 일반, 21(1), 67-89.
이지영, 황순택 (2011). 경계선과 반사회성 성격병리에서의 충동성과 공격성 비교. 한국심리학회지 임상, 30(1), 71-92.
이한숙 (2003). 자기조절 집단상담 프로그램이 초등학교 고학년 학생의 인간관계 만족도에 미치는 효과. 초등상담연구, 1, 173 -190.
이현수 (1992). 충동성검사 실시요강. 서울: 한국 가이던스.
이홍표, 김정수, 고효진, 김갑중 (2003). 병적 도박의 충동성과 감각추구. 알코올 중독과의 비교. 신경정신의학, 42(1), 89-95.
정영호, 고숙자, 이용갑, 박성복, 이진혜 (2010). 2008년 한국의료패널 조사 진행 보고서. 한국보건사회연구원.
최부열, 정경미 (2011). 충동성 측정도구로서 지연 디스카운팅 과제의 상대적 유용성 평가. 한국심리학회지 임상, 30(4), 845.
최오영, 손정락 (2011). 자기 통제 훈련 프로그램이 온라인 게임 중독 대학생들의 게임 중독 수준, 공격성 및 충동성에 미치는 효과. 한국심리학회지 임상, 30(3), 723.
최윤경 (2009). 경계선 성격장애의 하위유형에 따른 아동기 성 피해 경험과 충동성. 한국심리학회지 임상, 28(2), 639-650,
한국직업능력개발원 인적자원패널통계센터 (2007). 자취, 하숙, 기숙사 생활비용 및 자립정도(4차/2007).
Ainslie, G. (2001). Breakdown of will. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, ourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). American Psychiatric Association, Arlington.
Barrat, E. S. (1959). Anxiety and impulsiveness related to psychomotor efficiency. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 9, 191-198.
Benzion, U., Rapoport, A., & Yagil, J. (1989). Discount Rates Inferred from Decisions: An Experimental Study. Management Science. 35(3), 270-284.
Bickel. W. K., DeGrandpre, R. J., Hugues, J. R.., & Higgins, S. T. (1999). Behavioral econoimics of drug self-administration. II. A unit-price analysis of cigarette smoking. Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior, 55(2), 145-154.
Bickel, W. K., Yi, R., Kowal, B. P., & Gatchalian, K. M. (2008). Cigarette smokers discount past and future rewards symmetrically and more than controls: is discounting a measure of impulsivity? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 96(3), 256-262.
Biener, L. & Abrams, D. B. (1991). The Contemplation Ladder: Validation of a Measure of Readiness to Consider. Smoking Cessation. Health Psychology, 70(5), 360-365.
Bjork, J. M.., Hommer, D. W., Grant, S. J., & Danube, C. (2004). Impulsivity in abstinent alcohol-dependent patients: relation to control subjects and type 1–/type 2–like trait. Alcohol, 34(2-3), 133-150.
Breslow, L. (1999). From disease prevention to health promotion. Journal of American Medical Association, 281, 1030-1033.
Bretteville-Jensen, A. L. (1999). Addiction and discounting. Journal of Health Economics, 18(4), 393-407.
Carver, C. S. & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: the BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319-333.
Chabris, C. F., Laibson, D., Carrie L. Morris, C., Schuldt, J., & Taubinsky, D. (2008). Individual laboratory-measured discount rates predict field behavior. Journal of Risk and Uncertain. 37, 237-269.
Chapman, G. B. (1996). Temporal discounting and utility for health and money. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22(3), 771-791.
Chapman, G. B. & Winquist, J. R. (1996). The magnitude effect: Temporal discount rates and restaurant tips. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5(1), 119-123.
Choi, J. H. & Chung, K. M. (2012). Effectiveness of a College-Level Self-Management Course on Successful Behavior Change. Behavior modification, 36(1), 18-36.
Coffey, S. F, Gudleski, G. D, Saladin, M. E., & Brady, K. T. (2003) Impulsivity and rapid discounting of delayed hypothetical rewards in cocaine-dependent individuals. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 11, 18–25.
Colder, C. R. & O'Connor, R. (2002). Attention bias and disinhibited behavior as predictors of alcohol use and enhancement reasons for drinking. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 16(4), 325-332.
Colditz, G. A., & Hunter, D. J. (2004). Cancer Prevention: The Causes and Prevention of Cancer. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Howard, W. L. (2007). Applied behavior analysis (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Prentice Hall.
Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., Heward, W. L. (2007). Applied Behavior Analysis. (Ed) Upper Saddle River, N. J.: Pearson/Merrill-Prentice Hall.
Cooper, M. L. (1994). Motivations for alcohol use among adolescents: Development and validation of a four-factor model. Psychological Assessment, 6, 117-128.
Cooper, M. L., Russell, M., Skinner, J. B., & Windle, M. (1992). Development and validation of a three-dimensional measure of drinking motives. Psychological Assessment, 4, 123-132.
Crean, J. P., de Wit, H.,, & Richards, J. B, (2000). Reward discounting as a measure of impulsive behavior in a psychiatric outpatient population. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 8(2), 155-162.
Dai, Z., Grace, R. C., & Kemp, S. (2009). Reward contrast in delay and probability discounting. Learning & Behavior, 37(3). 281- 288.
Daugherty, J. R., & Brase, G. L. (2010). Taking time to be healthy: Predicting health behaviors with delay discounting and time perspective. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(2), 202-207.
de Wit, H. (2009). Impulsivity as a determinant and consequence of drug use: a review of underlying processes. Addiction Biology, 14(1). 22-31.
Dickman, S. J. (1990). Functional and dysfunctional impulsivity: personality and cognitive correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 95-102.
DiClemente, C. C., Prochaska, J. O., Fairhurst, S., Velicer, W. F., Rossi J. S., & Velasquez, M. (1991). The process of smoking cessation: An analysis of precontemplation, contemplation and contemplation/action. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 295-304.
Doran, N., Spring, B., McChargue, D., Pergadia, M., & Richmond, M. (2004). Impulsivity and smoking relapse. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 6, 641-647.
Douglas, V. I. & Parry, P. A. (1994). Effects of reward and nonreward on frustration and attention in attention deficit disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 22(3), 281-302.
Epstein, L. H., Richards, J. B., Saad, F. G., Paluch, R. A., Roemmich, J. N., & Lerman, C. (2003). Comparison between two measures of delay discounting in smokers. Experimental and Clinical Psychology, 11(2), 131-138.
Estle, S. J., Green, L., Myerson, J., & Holt, D. D. (2007). Discounting of monetary and directly consumable rewards. Psychological Science, 18(1), 58-63.
Eysenck, S. B. G., Pearson, P. R., Easting, G., & Allsopp, J. F. (1985). Age norms for impulsiveness, venturesomeness and empathy in adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 6, 613-619.
Green, L., Myerson, J., & McFadden, E. (1997). Rate of temporal discounting increases with amount of reward. Memory & Cognition, 25, 715-723.
Green, L. & Myerson, J. (2004) A discounting framework for choice with delayed and probabilistic rewards. Psychological bulletin, 130(5), 769-792.
Harford, T., & Grant, B. F. (1987). Psychosocial factors in adolescent drinking contexts. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 48, 551-557.
Heatherton, T. F., Kozlowski, L. T., Frecker, R. C., & Fagerstroem, K., (1991). The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction, 86(9), 1119-1127.
Johnson, M. W. & Bickel, W. K. (2002). Within-subject comparison of real and hypothetical money rewards in delay discounting. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 77(2). 129-146.
Keeney, R. (2009). Personal Decisions are the Leading Cause of Death. Operations Research, 56(6), 1335-1347.
Kirby, K. N. (1997). Bidding on the future: Evidence against normative discounting of delayed rewards. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 126, 54-70.
Kirby, K. N., & Petry, N. M. (2004). Heroin and cocaine abusers have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than alcoholics or non-drug-using controls. Addiction, 99, 461- 471.
Kollins, S. H. (2003). Delay discounting is associated with substance use in college students. Addictive Behaviors, 28, 1167-1173.
Laforge, R. G., Maddock, J. E., & Rossi, S. R. (1998). Comparison of five stage methods for alcohol abuse among college students. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 20. 170-176.
Loewenstein, G. & Thaler, R. H. (1989). Anomalies: Intertemporal Choice. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 3(4), 181-193.
Logan, G. L. (1988). Toward an instance theory of automatization. Psychological Review, 95(4), 492- 527.
MacKillop, M., Michael, T. A., Lauren, R. F., Lara, A., Lawrence, H. S., & Marcus, R. M. (2011). Delayed reward discounting and addictive behavior: a meta-analysis. Psychophamacology, 216(3), 305-321.
Madden, G. J,, Petry, N. M, Badger, G. J., & Bickel, W. K. (1997). Impulsive and self- control choices in opioid-dependent patients and non-drugusing control participants: drug and monetary rewards. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 5, 256-262.
Madden, G. J., Begotka, A. M., Raiff, B. R, & Kastern, L. L. (2003). Delay discounting of real and hypothetical rewards. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 11(2), 139-145.
Madden, G,. J., Raiff, B. R., Lagorio, C. H., Begotka, A. M.., Mueller, A. M.., Hehli, D. J., & Wegener, A. A. (2004). Delay Discounting of Potentially Real and Hypothetical Rewards: Ⅱ. Between- and Within-Subject Comparisons. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 12(4), 251-261.
Madden, G. J. & Johnson, P. S. (2010). A delay-discounting primer. In Madden, G. J. & Bickel, W. K. (Eds.). Impulsivity: the behavioral and neurological science of discounting (pp.11-37). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Mazur, J. E. (1987). An adjusting procedure for studying delayed reinforcement. In: Commons, M. L., Mazur, J. E., Nevin, J. A., Rachlin, H. (Ed) The effect of delay and of intervening event on reinforcement value. (pp. 55-73). Hillsdale, NJ: Quantitative Analyses of Behavior Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.,
McCarthy, D. M., Niculete, M. E., Treloar, H. R., Morris, D. H., & Bartholow, B. D. (2012). Acute alcohol effects on impulsivity: associations with drinking and driving behavior. Addiction, 107(12), 2109–2114.
McKerchar, T. L., Grren, L., Myerson, J., Pickford, T. S., Hill, J. C., & Stout, S. C. (2009). A comparison of four models of delay discounting in humans. Behavioral Processes, 81, 256-259.
Melanko, S. & Larkin, K. (2012). Preference for immediate reinforcement over delayed reinforcement: relation between delay discounting and health behavior. Annals Of Behavioral Medicine, 43, 255-255.
Mischel, W. (1961). Delay of gratification, need for achievement, and acquiescence in another culture. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62(3), 543-552
Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Peake, P. K. (1988). The nature of adolescent competencies predicted by preschool delay of gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(4), 687-696.
Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., Rodriguez, M. (1989). Delay of Gratification in Children. Science, 244(4907), 933-938.
Mitchell., S. H. (1999). Measures of impulsivity in cigarette smokers and non-smokers, Psychopharmacology, 146, 455-464.
Mitchell, J. M., Fields, H. L., D’Esposito, M., Boettiger, C. A. (2005). Impulsive responding in alcoholics. Alcoholism: Clinical and Exprimental Research, 29, 2158-2169.
Myerson J, Green L, & Warusawitharana, M. (2001) Area under the curve as a measure of discounting. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 76, 235-243
Naimi, T. S., Brewer, R. D., Miller, J. W., Okoro, C., & Mehrotra, C. (2007). What do binge drinkers drink?: Implications for alcohol control policy. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33, 188-193.
National Center for Health Statistics (2007). Health, United States, 2007. With chartbook on trends in the health of Americans. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
Nieuwenhuijzen, M., Jungera, M., Veldermanc, M. K., Wiefferinkc, K. H., Paulussenc, T. W. G. M., Hoxd, J., & Reijneveldc, S. A. (2009). Clustering of health-compromising behavior and delinquency in adolescents and adults in the Dutch population. Preventive Medicine, 48(6), 572-578.
Oas, P. (1985). The psychological assessment of impulsivity: a review. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 3, 141-156.
O’Connor, R. & Colder, C. (2005). Predicting Alcohol Patterns in First-Year College Students Through Motivational Systems and Reasons for Drinking. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 19(1), 10-20.
O’Hare, T. M. (1990). Drinking in college: Consumption patterns, problems, sex differences, and legal drinking age. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 52, 500-502.
Parker, J. D. A. & Bagby, R. M. (1997). Impulsivity in adults: a critical review measurement approaches. In Webster, C. D. & Jackson, M. A. (Eds.). Impulsivity: theory, assessment, and treatment (pp.142-157). NY: Guilford Press.
Perry, J. L., Larson, E. B., German, J. P., Madden, G. J., & Carroll, M. E. (2005). Impulsivity (delay discounting) as a predictor of acquisition of IV cocaine self-administration in female rats. Psychopharmacology, 178(2-3), 193-201.
Petry, N. M. (2001). Delay discounting of money and alcohol in actively using alcoholics, currently abstinent alcoholics, and controls. Psychopharmacologia. 154(3), 243-250.
Petry, N. M. (2003). Discounting of money, health, and freedom in substance abusers and controls. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 71(2), pp.133-141.
Petry, N. M. & Castella, T. (1999). Excessive discounting of delayed rewards in substance abusers with gambling problems. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 56, 25-32.
Petry, N. M. & Madden, G. J. (2010). Discounting and pathological gambling. In Madden, G. J. (Ed); Bickel, W. K. (Ed), (2010). Impulsivity: The behavioral and neurological science of discounting., (pp. 273-294). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.
Rapport, M. D., Tucker, S. B., DuPaul, G. J., Merlo, M., & Stoner, G. (1986). Hyperactivity and frustration: The influence of control over and size of rewards in delaying gratification. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,14(2), 191-204.
Reynolds, B. (2006). The experiential discounting task is sensitive to cigarette-smoking status and correlates with a measure of delay discounting. Behavioral Pharmacology, 17, 133 -142.
Reynolds, B., Ortengren, A., Richards, J. B., & de Wit, H. (2006). Dimensions of impulsive behavior: personality and behavioral measures. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 305- 315.
Richards, J. B., Zhang, L., Miitchell, S. H., & de Wit, H. (1999). Delay of probability discounting in a model of impulsive behavior: effect of alcohol. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 71, 121-143.
Schoenfelder, T. E. & Hantula, D. A. (2003). A job with a future? Delay discounting, magnitude effects, and domain independence of utility for career decisions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62(1), 43-55.
Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Taylor, E., Sembi, S., & Smith, J. (1992). Hyperactivity and delay aversion: I. The effects of delay on choice. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 387-398.
Stanford, M. S., Mathias, C. W., Daugherty, D. M., Lake, S. L., Anderson, N. E., & Patton, J. H. (2009). Fifty years of the Barratt impulsiveness scales: an update and review. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 385- 395.
Stewart, S. H. & Devine, H. (2000). Relations between personality and drinking motives in young adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 29(3), 495-511.
Tayler, S., Arantes, J., & Grace, R. (2009). Temporal discounting for monetary and close relationship outcomes. Personal Relationships, 16(3), 385-400.
Tucker, J. A., Roth, D. L., Vignolo, M. J., & Westfall, A. O. (2009). A behavioral economic reward index predicts drinking resolutions: Moderation revisited and compared with other outcomes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(2), 219-228.
Velicer, W. F., Fava, J. L., Prochaska, J. O., Abrams, D. B., Emmons, K. M., & Pierce, J. (1995). Distribution of smokers by stage in three representative samples. Preventive Medicine, 24, 401-411.
Verdejo-García, A., Lawrence, A. J., & Clark, L. (2008). Impulsivity as a vulnerability marker for substance-use disorders: Review of findings from high-risk research, problem gamblers and genetic association studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32(4), 777-810.
Vuchinich, R. E. & Simpson, C. A. (1998). Hyperbolic temporal discounting in social drinkers and problem drinkers. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 6(3), 292-305
Williams, J. (2010). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Discounting: multiple minor traits and states. In Madden, G. J. & Bickel, W. K. (Eds.). Impulsivity: the behavioral and neurological science of discounting (pp.11-37). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Wechsler, H., & McFadden, M. (1979). Drinking among college students in New England: Extent, social correlates, and consequences of alcohol use. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 40, 969-996.
Wechsler, H. & Austin, S. B. (1998). Binge drinking: The five/four measure. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 59(1), 122-124.
World Health Organization. (2002). The world health report 2002-Reducing risks, promoting healthy life. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
Zuckerman, M. (1971). Dimensions of sensation seeking. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 139-149.