open access
메뉴
open access
메뉴
E-ISSN : 2733-4538
This study explored the nature of trauma memory representations and examined its relationship with posttraumatic psychological symptoms with the participation of 213 torture survivors. Participants completed self-report scales of posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD) and depressive symptoms, and trauma memory representations were assessed using the self-report Trauma Memory Quality Questionnaire(TMQQ). The TMQQ appeared to assess the sensation-based memory representation, and it was divided into two factors by exploratory factor analysis. The here-and-now sensory reliving quality appeared to reveal the nature of the first factor, the dissociative reliving sensation-based memory representation. The repetitive and broken visual experiences reflected the nature of the second factor, the fragmented visual experience memory representation. In relationship with posttraumatic psychological symptoms, hierarchical regression analyses controlling for demographic variables and variables related to trauma experiences showed that the dissociative reliving sensation-based memory representation explained PTSD and depressive symptoms significantly. The fragmented visual experience memory representation explained PTSD reexperience symptoms only. Severe traumatic experiences such as torture can be activated into predominant sensation-based memory representations, and the TMQQ appears to reflect these qualities well. Since dissociative reliving sensation-based memory representations are related to posttraumatic psychological symptoms, including depression, results of this study suggest the need for therapeutic interventions that target the integration of these memory representations.
김광일, 김재환, 원호택 (1984). 간이정신진단검사 실시 요강. 서울: 중앙적성출판사.
도상금, 최진영 (2003). 외상 경험 및 우울과 자서전적 기억의 일반화 경향성. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 22(2), 321-341.
안현의, 한민희, 주혜선 (2013). 외상후스트래스장애의 인지-기억 체계. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 25(1), 111-133.
은헌정, 권태완, 이선미, 김태형, 최말례, 조수진 (2005). 한국판 사건충격척도 수정판의 신뢰도 및 타당도 연구. 신경정신의학, 44(3), 303-310.
최현정, 이화영, 이훈진 (2012). 고문피해자의 정신과적 진단 실태. 신경정신의학, 51(3), 1-7.
홍세희 (2000). 구조 방정식 모형의 적합도 지수 선정기준과 그 근거. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 19(1), 161-177.
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Başoğlu, M., Livanou, M., & Crnobaric, C. (2007). Torture vs other cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 277-285.
Birrer., E, Michael., T, & Munsch, S. (2007). Intrusive images in PTSD and in traumatised and non-traumatised depressed patients: a cross-sectional clinical study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(9), 2053-2065.
Brewin, C. R. (2011). The nature and significance of memory disturbance in posttraumatic stress disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7, 203-227.
Brewin, C. R. (2003). Posttraumatic stress disorder: Malady or myth? New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Brewin, C. R., Dalgleish, T., & Joseph, S. (1996). A dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Review, 103, 670- 686.
Brewin, C. R., Gregory, J. D., Lipton, M., & Burgess, N. (2010). Intrusive images in psychological disorders: Characteristics, neural mechanisms, and treatment implications. Psychological Review, 117, 210-232.
Buodo, G., Novara, C., Ghisi, M., & Palomba, D. (2012). Posttraumatic and depressive symptoms in victims of occupational accidents. Depression Research and Treatment, Article ID 184572, 8 pages.
Conway, M. A., & Playdell-Pearce, C. W. (2000). The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system. Psychological Review, 107, 261-288.
Dalgleish, T. (2004). Cognitive approaches to posttraumatic stress disorder: The evolution of multirepresentational theorizing. Psychological Bulletin, 130(2), 228-260.
de Ayala, R. J. (2009). The Theory and Practice of Item Response Theory (pp.1-10). The Guilford Press: New York London.
Derogatis, L. R., & Cleary, P. A. (1977). Confirmation of the dimensional structure of the SCL-90: A study in construct validation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 981-989.
Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 319-345.
Foa, E. B., Steketee, G., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1989). Behavioral/cognitive conceptualization of post-traumatic stress disorder. Behavior Therapy, 20, 155-176.
Hackmann, A., Ehlers, A., Speckens, A., & Clark, D.M. (2004). Characteristics and content of intrusive memories in PTSD and their change with treatment. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(3), 231-240.
Halligan, S., Michael, T., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2003). Posttraumatic stress disorder following assault: The role of cognitive processing, trauma memory, and appraisals. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 419-431.
Herz, R. S., & Engen, T. (1996). Odor memory: Review and analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 3(3), 300-313.
Kleim, B., Wallott, F., & Ehlers, A. (2008). Are trauma memories disjointed from other autobiographical memories in posttraumatic stress disorder? An experimental investigation. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36, 221-234.
Krandis, E., & Moulds, M. L. (2008). Can imaginal exposure reduce intrusive memories in depression? A case study. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 37, 216-220.
Langenbucher, J. W., Labouvie, E., Martin, C. S., Sanjuan, P. M., Bavly, L., & Kirisci, L. (2004). An application of item response theory analysis to alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine criteria in DSM-IV. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113(1), 72-80.
Meiser-Stedman, R. (2002). Towards a cognitive- behavioral model of PTSD in children and adolescents. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 5(4), 217-232.
Meiser-Stedman, R., Dalgleish, T., Yule, W., & Smith, P. (2012). Intrusive memories and depression following recent non-traumatic negative life events in adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 137, 70-78.
Meiser-Stedman, R., Smith, P., Yule, W., & Dalgleish, T. (2007). The Trauma Memory Quality Questionnaire: Preliminary development and validation of a measure of trauma memory characteristics for children and adolescents. Memory, 15, 271-279.
Michael, T., Ehlers, A., Halligan, S.L., & Clark, D. M. (2005). Unwanted memories of assault: What intrusion characteristics are associated with PTSD? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 613-628.
Mollica, R. F., Caspi-Yavin, Y., Lavelle, J., Tor, S., Yang, T., Chan, S., Pham, T., Ryan, A., & de Marneffe, D. (1996). The Harvard Trauma (HTQ) Manual: Cambodian, Laotian, and Vietnamese versions. Torture, Suppl 1, 19-42.
O'Kearney, R., & Perrott, K. (2006). Trauma narratives in post-traumatic stress disorder: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19, 81-93.
Parry, L., & O'Kearney, R. (2013). A comparison of the quality of intrusive memories in post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. Memory, DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2013.795975
Purpura, D. J., Wilson, S. B., & Lonigan, C. J. (2010). ADHD symptoms in preschool children: Examining psychometric properties using IRT. Psychological Assessment, 22(3), 546-558.
Reise, S. P., & Waller, N. G. (2009). Item response theory and clinical measurement. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5, 27-48.
Rubin, D. C., Berntsen, D., & Johansen, M. K. (2008). A memory based model of posttraumatic stress disorder: Evaluating basic assumptions underlying the PTSD diagnosis. Psychological Review, 115, 985-1011.
Samejima, F. (1969). Estimation of latent trait ability using a response pattern of graded scores. Psychometrika Monograph, 34(Suppl.), 100-13.
Schauer, M., Neuner, F., & Elbert, T. (2011). Narrative Exposure Therapy. A Short-term Treatment for Traumatic Stress Disorders. 2nd revised and expanded edition. Hogrefe.
Sitsma, K., & Junker, B. W. (2006). Item response theory: Past performance, present developments and future expectations. Behaviormetrika, 33(1), 75-102.
Steel, A., Chey, T., Silove, D., Marnane, C., Bryant, R. A., & van Ommeren, M. (2009). Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental health outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement. JAMA, 302(5), 537-549.
United Nations (1984). Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. United Nations.
Weiss, D. S., & Marmar, C. R. (1997). The impact of event scale-revised. In J. P. Wilson, & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD (pp. 399-411). New York: Guilford Press.
Williams, J. M. G., Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., Hermans, D., Raes, F., Watikins, E., & Dalgleish, T. (2007). Autobiographical memory specificity and emotional disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 122-148.
Williams, A. D., & Moulds, M. L. (2007). An investigation of the cognitive and experiential features of intrusive memories in depression. Memory, 15(8), 912-920.
Yehuda, R., Vermetten, E., & McFarlane, A. (2012). Understanding depression as it occurs in the context of post-traumatic stress disorder. Depression Research and Treatment, Article ID 178261, 2 pages.