E-ISSN : 2733-4538
To determine the factors that differentiate between the violent alcoholic group and non-violent alcoholic group, impulsivity and aggression are examined. In measuring impulsivity, delay discounting—referring to the devaluation of future outcomes— is believed to explain the behavioral tendencies of aggressive alcoholics. Participants consisted of 82 male inpatients in an alcohol abuse clinic, as well as 30 male non-patients as control subjects. To examine the relationship between alcoholism, aggression, and impulsivity, Barratt impulsiveness scale (BIS), Aggression Questionnaire (AQ), and delay discounting task were used. The study’s results showed that BIS can be sensitive in differentiating the ‘trait’ aspect of impulsivity between alcoholics and non-alcoholics. However, the delay discounting task showed an effectiveness in the differentiation of the ‘behavioral’ aspect of impulsivity, and in this case, the distinction between those who display alcohol-fuelled violence and those who do not. More specifically, the rate of discounting was higher for the violent alcoholic group than the non-violent alcoholic group, suggesting that a further study examining the behavioral aspect of impulsivity could lead to a better understanding and treatment of those who display a more aggressive tendency while under the influence of alcohol.
Albein-Urios, N., Martinez-Gonzalez, J. M., Lozano, O., & Verdejo-Garcia, A. (2014). Monetary delay discounting in gambling and cocaine dependence with personality comorbidities. Addictive Behaviors, 39, 1658-1662.
Allen, T. J., Moeller, F. G., Rhoades, H. M., & Cherek, D. R. (1998). Impulsivity and history of drug dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 50, 137-145.
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC:American Psychiatric Publishing.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC:American Psychiatric Publishing.
Angott, A. M. (2010). What Causes Delay Discounting? (Doctoral Dissertation) Retrieved from http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/78754/aangott_1.pdf?sequence=1
Ayduk, O., Mendoza-Denton, R., Mischel, W., Downey, G., Peake, P., & Rodriguez, M. (2000). Regulating the interpersonal self:Strategic self-regulation for coping with rejection sensitivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 776-792.
Barratt, E. S., & Patton, J. H. (1983). Impulsivity: Cognitive, behavioral and psychophysiological correlates. In M. Zuckerman (Ed.). Biological bases of sensation seeking, impulsivity and anxiety (pp. 77-116). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bartholomow, B. D., & Heinz, A. (2006). Alcohol and aggression without consumption. Psychological Science, 17, 30-37.
Bickel, W. K., Odum, A. L., & Madden, G. J. (1999). Impulsivity and cigarette smoking: Delay discounting in current, never, and ex-smokers. Psychopharmacology, 146, 447-454.
Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 452-459.
Chalmers, D., Linn Olenick, N., & Stein, W. (1993). Dispositional traits as risk in problem drinking. Journal of Substance Abuse, 5, 401-410.
Coffey, S. F., Gudleski, G. D., Saladin, M. E., & Brady, K. T. (2003). Impulsivity and rapid discounting of delayed hypothetical rewards in cocaine-dependent individuals. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 11, 18-25.
Cookson, H. (1994). Personality variables associated with alcohol use in young offenders. Personality and Individual Differences, 16, 179-182.
de Wit, H., Flory, J. D., Acheson, A., McCloskey, M., & Manuck, S. B. (2007). IQ and nonplanning impulsivity are independently associated with delay discounting in middle-aged adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 111-121.
Dougherty, D. M., Charles, N. E., Mathias, C. W., Ryan, S. R., Olvera, R. L., Liang, Y., & Acheson, A. (2014). Delay discounting differentiates pre-adolescents at high and low risk for substance use disorders based on family history. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 143, 105-111.
Dougherty, D. M., Mathias, C. W., & Marsh, D. M. (2003). Laboratory measures of impulsivity. In E.F. Coccaro (Ed.). Aggression:Psychiatric Assessment and Treatment (Vol. 22, pp. 247-265). New York: Marcel Dekker Publishers.
Giancola, P. R. (2000). Executive functioning: A conceptual framework for alcohol-related aggression. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 8, 576-597.
Green, L., Fry, A. F., & Myerson, J. (1994). Discounting of delayed rewards: A life-span comparison. Psychological Science, 5, 33-36.
Ham, L. S., & Hope, D. A. (2003). College students and problematic drinking: A review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 719-759.
Herndon, J. S., & Bembenutty, H. (2014). In-school and social factors influencing learning among students enrolled in a disciplinary alternative school. Learning and Individual Differences, 35, 49-55.
Heo, S. Y., Oh, J. Y., & Kim, J. H. (2012). The Korean version of the Barratt Impulsivity Scale, 11th version: Its reliability and validity. Korean Journal of Psychology: General, 31, 769-782.
Hoaken, P. N. S., Campbell, T., Stewart, S. H., & Pihl, R. O. (2003). Effects of alcohol on cardiovascular reactivity and the mediation of aggressive behavior in adult men and women. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 38, 84-92.
Hodgson, R., Alwyn, T., John, B., Thom, B., & Smith, A. (2002). The fast alcohol screening test. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 37, 61-66.
Johnson, M. W., & Bickel, W. K. (2002). Within‐subject comparison of real and hypothetical money rewards in delay discounting. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 77, 129-146.
Kirby, K. N. (1997). Bidding on the future: Evidence against normative discounting of delayed rewards. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 126, 54-70.
Koller, G., Preuss, U., Bottlender, M., Wenzel, K., & Soyka, M. (2002). Impulsivity and aggression as predictors of suicide attempts in alcoholics. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 252, 155-160.
Korean National Police Agency. (2016). Crime Statistics [Data file]. Retrieved from http://www.police.go.kr/files/infodata/200197/2014/2014_02_4.pdf
Lee, B., Lee, C., Lee, P., Choi, M., & Namkoong, K. (2000). Development of Korean version of alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT-K): Its reliability and validity. Journal of Korean Academy of Addiction Psychiatry, 4, 83-92.
Madden, G. J., Begotka, A. M., Raiff, B. R., & Kastern, L. L. (2003). Delay discounting of real and hypothetical rewards. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 11, 139-145.
Madden, G. J., & Bickel, W. K. (2010). Impulsivity: The behavioral and neurological science of discounting. Washington, DC : American Psychological Association.
Madden, G. J., Bickel, W. K., & Jacobs, E. A. (1999). Discounting of delayed rewards in opioid-dependent outpatients: Exponential or hyperbolic discounting functions? Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 7, 284-293.
Mazur, J. E. (1987). An adjusting procedure for studying delayed reinforcement. Quantitative Analyses of Behavior, 5, 55-73.
McCormick, R. A., Taber, J., Kruedelbach, N., & Russo, A. (1987). Personality profiles of hospitalized pathological gamblers: The California Personality Inventory. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 43, 521-527.
McDonald, J., Schleifer, L., Richards, J. B., & de Wit, H. (2003). Effects of THC on behavioral measures of impulsivity in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology, 28, 1356-1365.
Moeller, F. G., Barratt, E. S., Dougherty, D. M., Schmitz, J. M., & Swann, A. C. (2001). Psychiatric aspects of impulsivity. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1783-1793.
Murphy, J. G., Vuchinich, R. E., & Simpson, C. A. (2001). Delayed reward and cost discounting. The Psychological Record, 51, 571-588.
Odum, A. L., Madden, G. J., & Bickel, W. K. (2002). Discounting of delayed health gains and losses by current, never-and ex-smokers of cigarettes. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 4, 295-303.
Ohmura, Y., Takahashi, T., Kitamura, N., & Wehr, P. (2006). Threemonth stability of delay and probability discounting measures. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 14, 318-328.
Patton, J. H., Stanford, M. S., & Barratt, E. S. (1995). Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. Journal of Clininical Psychology, 51, 768-774.
Petry, N. M. (2001). Delay discounting of money and alcohol in actively using alcoholics, currently abstinent alcoholics, and controls. Psychopharmacology, 154, 243-250.
Rachlin, H., Raineri, A., & Cross, D. (1991). Subjective probability and delay. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 55, 233-244.
Richards, J. B., Zhang, L., Mitchell, S. H., & Wit, H. (1999). Delay or probability discounting in a model of impulsive behavior: Effect of alcohol. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 71, 121-143.
Rosenthal, T. L., Edwards, N. B., Ackerman, B. J., Knott, D. H., & Rosenthal, R. H. (1990). Substance abuse patterns reveal contrasting personal traits. Journal of Substance Abuse, 2, 255-263.
Saunders, J. B., Aasland, O. G., Babor, T. F., & Grant, M. (1993). Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption‐II. Addiction, 88, 791-804.
Schumacher, J. A., Coffey, S. F., Leonard, K. E., O'Jile, J. R., & Landy, N. C. (2013). Self-regulation, daily drinking, and partner violence in alcohol treatment-seeking men. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 21, 17-28.
Seo, S., & Kwon, S. (2002). Validation study of the Korean version of the aggression questionnaire. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 21, 487-501.
Sher, K. J., & Trull, T. J. (1994). Personality and disinhibitory psychopathology:Alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 92-102.
Simpson, C. A., & Vuchinich, R. E. (2000). Reliability of a measure of temporal discounting. The Psychological Record, 50, 3-16.
Spinella, M. (2007). Normative data and a short form of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. International Journal of Neuroscience, 117, 359-368.
Stanford, M. S., Mathias, C. W., Dougherty, D. M., Lake, S. L., Anderson, N. E., & Patton, J. H. (2009). Fifty years of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale: An update and review. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 385-395.
Swann, A. C., Bjork, J. M., Moeller, F. G., & Dougherty, D. M. (2002). Two models of impulsivity: Relationship to personality traits and psychopathology. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 988-994.
Weller, R. E., Cook III, E. W., Avsar, K. B., & Cox, J. E. (2008). Obese women show greater delay discounting than healthyweight women. Appetite, 51, 563-569.
White, H. R., & Labouvie, E. W. (1989). Towards the assessment of adolescent problem drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 50, 30.
Whiteside, S. P., & Lynam, D. R. (2003). Understanding the role of impulsivity and externalizing psychopathology in alcohol abuse:application of the UPPS impulsive behavior scale. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 11, 210-217.