open access
메뉴
open access
메뉴
E-ISSN : 2733-4538
This study aimed to clarify the effect of shame memory on paranoia and social anxiety, based on the study of Matos, Pinto- Gouveia, & Gilbert (2013). Shame has been conceptualized as a self-conscious emotion that focuses on the negative aspects of the self, but this study also notices that shame may be related to the perception of social put-down, neglect in interpersonal relationship. The three types of shame memories were measured; the internal shame memory, external shame memory, and external-humiliative shame memory. On the basis of threat anticipation model of paranoia, it is hypothesized that negative self and other schema mediate the relationship between the external-humiliative shame memory and paranoia. The effect of each shame memory on paranoia and social anxiety was analyzed. The results of regression analyses suggest that paranoia was predicted by the external-humiliative shame memory, and the social anxiety by internal shame memory. The negative beliefs about the self and others showed a partial mediation effect in the relationship between external-humiliative shame memory and paranoia. Implications, limitations and suggestions for future study are discussed.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
Andrews, B., Qian, M., & Valentine, J. D. (2002). Predicting depressive symptoms with a new measure of shame: The Experience of Shame Scale. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 29-42.
Ausubel, D. P. (1955). Relationships between shame and guilt in the socializing process. Psychological Review, 62, 378-390.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
Benedict, R. (1946). The chrysanthemum and the sword. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Bentall, R. P., Corcoran, R., Howard, R., Blackwood, N., & Kinderman, P. (2001). Persecutory delusions: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 1143-1192.
Berntsen, D., & Rubin, D. C. (2006). The centrality of event scale:A measure of integrating a trauma into one's identity and its relation to post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 219-231.
Birchwood, M. (2003). Pathways to emotional dysfunction in first episode psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, 373-375.
Buss, A. J. (1980). Self-consciousness and social anxiety. San Fransisco:Freeman.
Campbell, M. L. C., & Morrison, A. P. (2007). The relationship between bullying, psychotic-like experiences and appraisals in 14-16 year olds. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 45, 1579-1591.
Cho, M. S., & Lee, Y. H (2011). A validation study of the centrality of event scale-korean version. Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 30, 763-774.
Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In R. Heimberg, M. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope, & F. R. Schneier (Eds.), Social phobia: diagnosis, assessment and treatment (pp. 69-93). New York: Guilford Press.
Clark, J. V., & Arkowitz, H. (1975). Social anxiety and self-evaluation of interpersonal performance. Psychological Reports, 36, 211-221.
Cook, D. R. (1993). The internalized shame scale manual. Menomonie, WI: Channel Press.
Elison, J., & Harter, S. (2007). Humiliation: Causes, correlates, and consequences. In J. L., Tracy, R. W. Robins, & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research (pp. 310-329). New York: Guilford Press.
Eun, H. J, Kwon, T. W., Lee, S. M., Kim, T. H., Choi, M. R., & Cho, S. J. (2005). A study on reliability and validity of the impact of event scale-revised. Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 44, 303-310.
Fenigstein, A., & Vanable, P. A. (1992). Paranoia and self-consciousness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 129-138.
Fowler, D., Freeman, D., Smith, B., Kuipers, E., Bebbington, P., Bashforth, H., ... Garety, P. (2006). The Brief Core Schema Scales(BCSS): Psychometric properties and associations with paranoia and grandiosity in non-clinical and psychosis samples. Psychological Medicine, 36, 749-759.
Freeman, D. (2006). Delusions in the non-clinical population. Current Psychiatry Reports, 8, 191-204.
Freeman, D. (2007). Suspicious minds: The psychology of persecutory delusions. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 425-457.
Freeman, D., & Fowler, D. (2009). Routes to psychotic symptoms:Trauma, anxiety and psychosis-like experiences. Psychiatry Research, 169, 107-112.
Freeman, D., & Garety, P. A. (2000). Comments on the content of persecutory delusions: Does the definition need clarification? British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39, 407-414.
Freeman, D., & Garety, P. A. (2003). Connecting neurosis and psychosis:The direct influence of emotion on delusions and hallucinations. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 923–947.
Freeman, D., & Garety, P. A. (2004). Paranoia: The psychology of persecutory delusions. New York: Psychology Press.
Freeman, D., Garety, P. A., Bebbington, P. E., Smith, B., Rollinson, R., Fowler, D., ... Dunn, G. (2005). Psychological investigation of the structure of paranoia in a non-clinical population. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 427-435.
Freeman, D., Garety, P., & Fowler, D. (2008). The puzzle of paranoia. In D. Freeman, R. P. Bentall, & P. Garety (Eds.), Persecutory delusions: Assessment, theory, and treatment (pp. 121-142). New York: Oxford University Press.
Freeman, D., Garety, P. A., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D., & Bebbington, P. E. (2002). A cognitive model of persecutory delusions. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 331-347.
Gilbert, P. (1997). The evolution of social attractiveness and its role in shame, humiliation, guilt and therapy. The British Journal of Medical Psychology, 70, 113-147.
Gilbert, P. (1998). The evolved basis and adaptive functions of cognitive distortions. The British Journal of Medical Psychology, 71, 447-463.
Gilbert, P. (2001). Evolution and social anxiety: The role of attraction, social competition, and social hierarchies. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 24, 723-751.
Gilbert, P. (2007). The evolution of shame as a marker for relationship security. In J. L. Tracy, R. W. Robins, & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research (pp. 283-309). New York: Guilford.
Gilbert, P., Allan, S., & Goss, K. (1996). Parental representations, shame, interpersonal problems, and vulnerability to psychopathology. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 3, 23-34.
Gilbert, P., Boxall, M., Cheung, M., & Irons, C. (2005). The relation of paranoid ideation and social anxiety in a mixed clinical population. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 12, 124-133.
Goss, K., Gilbert, P., & Allan, S. (1994). An exploration of shame measures I: "The Other as Shamer Scale". Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 713-717.
Gracie, A., Freeman, D., Green, S., Garety, P. A., Kuipers, E., Hardy, A., ... Fowler, D. (2007). The association between traumatic experience, paranoia and hallucinations: A test of the predictions of psychological models. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 116, 280-289.
Kilcommons, A. M., & Morrison, A. P. (2005). Relationships between trauma and psychosis: An exploration of cognitive and dissociative factors. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 112, 351-359.
Kim, H. S. (2001). Memory bias in subtypes of social phobia (Unpublished master’s thesis). Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
Kinderman, P., & Bentall, R. P. (1996). Self-discrepancies and persecutory delusions: Evidence for a model of paranoid ideation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 106-113.
Kwon, S. M., & Kim, J. Y. (2002). Relationships of mental presentations on delf and significant others with interpersonal problems. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 21, 705-726.
Lee, D. A.. Scragg, P., & Turner, S. (2001). The role of shame and guilt in traumatic events: A clinical model of shame-based and guilt-based PTSD. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 74, 451-466.
Lee, H. J., & Won, H. T. (1995). A study of the reliability and the validity of the paranoia scale. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 14, 83-94.
Lee, H, J., & Won, H. T. (1997). The self-concepts, the other-concepts, and attributional styles in paranoia and depression. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 17, 105-125.
Lee, M. Y. (2006). The relationship of adolescent attachment and depression:Focusing on mediating effects of early maladaptive schemas (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Ajou University, Gyeonggi, Korea.
Leeming, D., & Boyle, M. (2013). Managing shame: An interpersonal perspective. British Journal of Social Psychology, 52, 140-160.
Lewis, H. B. (1971). Shame and guilt in neurosis. New York: International Universities Press.
Lewis, M., Sullivan. M. W., Stranger, C., & Weiss, M. (1989). Self development and self-conscious emotions. Child Development, 60, 146-156.
Lopes, B. C. (2011). Differences between victims of bullying and non-victims on levels of paranoid ideation and persecutory symptoms, the presence of aggressive traits, the display of social anxiety and the recall of childhood abuse experiences in a portuguese mixed clinical sample. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 20, 254-266.
Lutwak, N., & Ferrari, J. R. (1997). Shame-related social anxiety:Replicating a link with various social interaction measures. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 10, 335-340.
Matos, M., Ferreira, C., Duarte, C., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2015). Eating disorders: When social rank perceptions are shaped by early shame experiences. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 88, 38-53.
Matos, M., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2010). Shame as a traumatic memory. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 17, 299-312.
Matos, M., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Gilbert, P. (2013). The effect of shame and shame memories on paranoid ideation and social anxiety. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 20, 334-349.
Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998). Developmental validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 455-470.
Murray, C., Waller, G., & Legg, C. (2000). Family dysfunction and bulimic psychopathology: The mediating role of shame. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 28, 84-89.
Nam, K. S. (2008). Coping strategy effects on psychological symptoms associated with shame- and guilt-inducing experiences (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
Nam, K. S., Cho, S. M., & Lee, H. J. (2006). Development and validation of the Korean Shame Scale. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25, 1063-1086.
National Institute of Korean Language. (2013). Standard Korean language dictionary. Seoul: National Institute of Korean Language.
Norton, P. J., & Hope, D. A. (2001). Kernels of truth or distorted perceptions: Self and observer ratings of social anxiety and performance. Behavior Therapy, 32, 765-786.
O'Connor, L. E., Berry, J. W., Inaba, D., Weiss, J., & Morrison, A. (1994). Shame, guilt, and depression in men and women in recovery from addiction. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 11, 503-510.
Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Matos, M. (2011). Can shame memories become a key to identity? The centrality of shame memories predicts psychopathology. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25, 281-290.
Pinto-Gouveia, J., Matos, M., Castilho, P., & Xavier, A. (2014) Differences between depression and paranoia: The role of emotional memories, shame and subordination. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 21, 49-61.
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879-891.
Robinaugh, D. J., & McNally, R. J. (2010). Autobiographical memory for shame or guilt provoking events: Association with psychological symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 646-652.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. NJ:Princeton University Press.
Salvatore, G., Lysaker, P. H., Popolo, R., Procacci, M., Carcione, A., & Dimaggio, G. (2012). Vulnerable self, poor understanding of others’ minds, threat anticipation and cognitive biases as triggers for delusional experience in schizophrenia: A theoretical model. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 19, 247-259.
Schmidt, N. B., Joiner Jr, T. E., Young, J. E., & Telch, M. J. (1995). The schema questionnaire: Investigation of psychometric properties and the hierarchical structure of a measure of maladaptive schemas. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 295-321.
Steiner, J. (2015). Seeing and being seen: Shame in the clinical situation. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 96, 1589-1601.
Tangney, J. P. (1990). Assessing individual differences in proneness to shame and guilt: Development of the Self-Conscious Affect and Attribution Inventory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 102.
Tangney, J. P., & Dearing, R. L. (2002). Shame and guilt. New York:Guilford Press.
Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P., & Gramzow, R. (1992). Proneness to shame, proneness to guilt, and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 469.
Tracy, J. L., Robins, R. W., & Tangney, J. P. (2007). The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research. New York: Guilford Press.
Tran, T. B., Hertel, P. T., & Joormann, J. (2011). Cognitive bias modification: Induced interpretive biases affect memory. Emotion, 11, 145-152.
Weiss, D. S., & Marmar, C. R. (1997). The impact of Event Scale-Revised. In J. P. Wilson, & T. M. Keane (Eds.). Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 399-411). New York: Guilford Press.
Williams, J. M. G., & Broadbent, K. (1986). Autobiographical memory in suicide attempters. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 144-149.
Wilson, J. P., Drozdek, B., & Turkovic, S. (2006). Posttraumatic shame and guilt. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 7, 122-141.
Winton, E. C., Clark, D. M., & Edelmann, R. J. (1995). Social anxiety, fear of negative evaluation and the detection of negative emotion in others. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 193-196.
Won, H. T., & Lee, H. J. (1997). The self-concept and attributional style in paranoid group. Korean Journal of Psychology, 16, 173-182.
Yoo, S. J., & Kwon, S. M. (2008). Theoretical review of the schema and the mode concepts in psychotherapies. Korean Journal of Psychology: General, 27, 91-117.
Young, J. E. (1990). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema focused approach. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange.